G 


'rom  the  U.  S.  Satui  .g  Post,  March  17,  184* ' 

NEW  METHOD  CACHING  GEOGRAPHY. 

>leas*re,  a  £.  •:•  u'ays  ago,  of  witnessing  the  performance  of 


.o  as,  an 

v  •     j^ 

UC-NRLF 


rClWy  Street  School,  (a  "I 
le  So/iety 


e  school  tinker  the 


•perin- 

whe/c  tjie  i«^entor  B^HrHfachtr  of 
~Njy\of,h  Mofv""givin;T~lt'ssons.  It 
tledvidvamce  m  the  art.-«i  teaching, 
to  rejoice,  a>  it  soitens  so  materially 
portant  aid  of  harmonious  sound,  and 
ing  about  the  same  end  as  tedious 


IMl    E77 


adepts  themselves,  who  are  perhaps 
animated  testimony  of  the  superio- 

^  t  the  difficulty  of  aftq^uing  a  com- 

pjCtc  knowledge  of  Geography  in  the  usual  way,  anu  the  greater  difficulty 
df  rp*rwing  it;/ahd  i^eligbtSTthera  k^  be/pyt  ir/pyses*orpsc£ea*ily  of 
Afas  o^lhe  s|bj^ct  tlanf  they>eVef  %a4^bdi)»^  As  r6  the/>erma- 
S»ey  ^br^hls  rhrpression,  tl(|y  argue  very  plausib^-  that  it  must  by  lasting, 
because  so  strong  and  clear.  >v  /  / 

Xaylor's  system  seemj^from  what  we  have  seerx  of  ity/o  deserve 
ntion  of  teachers  generally,  as  it  promisee  tho  attainment  of  its  ob- 
ject w>h  less  labour,  both  to  themselves  and  their  pupils. 


School,  Kensington,  Philadelphia,  July  17,  i848. 

L-,nj&  nin  Nay  lor,  the  teacuer  of  Geography^  upplied  to  this  srhool  for 

permission  to  ill'ist-ate  his  u.    ^od  of  teaching  Geogrrp]i7,  bv  ^ivir.^  a  few 

lessons  to  a  small  class ;  by  the  consert  of  the  Committee,  he  was  authorized 

•:cd ;   we  were  so  wv-11  satisiied  of  the  usefulness  of  his  m<    iod, 

gradua'.y  increased  thj  number  in  his  class,  until  the  room  was 

;  <  he  had  t!:;cp  hundred    mpils  preso: 

.  T\Wl.  v.     ^heei/ully  ieccnirr..  r.d  t'i     s;.  stem,  as  de- 
iMay'jr  es  &  p1"     ir>*  a,.-1  agreeable 


JOSHUA  RHO/LJLV    M.  D., 

Principal  of  the  Male  Department. 

MARY  H.  TURNER, 
Principal  of  the  Female  Department 

From  the  Philadelphia  Daily  Sun. 
•    NEW  SYSTEM  OF  TEACHING  GEOGRAPHY. 

Beniamin  Naylor,  author  of  a  new  System  of  teaching  Geography,  gave 

a  public  examination  last  evening  at  the  Franklin  Hall,  Sixth  £u-eet,  be- 

"lo\.  Au-h,  of  a  geographical  class  about  completing  a  course   of  lessons 

<iai.     The  hall  was  densely  thronged,  so  c?iich  .-,-0,  'uat  a  large  por- 

ihe  audience  was  compelled  to  stand  durir  ,  ihe  ei.tirr  examination. 

vamined  exhibited  a  remarkaole   nr-jficiei:cy—  iv!      e  questions 

being  answered  with  a  readiness  and  correc.tno.--i  quite  surprising.     All 

.present  mus*  nave  ^^cn  satisfic  '  of  the  practical  cliaractcv  of  tl     system, 

'(•s  peculifl-  Mnes*  to  the  capacities  of  the  youthful  mind.    Mr.  Nay- 

sve  been  gratif...,!  a.  the  in  ?rest   manifested  in  his  system  of 

and    tb.p   pncour^gem^nt  hr  has   received   \vi!>    iiiduce  Vun  to 

-^  us  for  a 'season. 


LIBRARY    OF    THK 


University  of  California. 


C  IRC  UL  A  TING     B  R  A  AT  If'.  ( 


in  -Hw-  week*  ;  or 


Return  in  •Hto-weekf)  or  a  week  before  the  end  of  the  term. 


NAYLOR'S  SYSTEM 


OF 


TEACHING  GEOGRAPHY, 


ADAPTED   TO 


PELTON'S  OUTLINE  MAPS: 


CONTAINING     FULL    AND     COMPLETE    ANSWERS    TO    ALL     QUESTIONS 
bft.VCEI)    IN    THE    WORK,  COMPRISING    MUCH    VALUABLE,    INTE- 
RESTING, AND  DESCRIPTIVE    MATTER,  NOT    FOUND   IN 
ANT    OTHER    SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHT. 


BY  BENJAMIN   NAYLOR, 


PHILADELPHIA: 

T.   ELLWOOD    CHAPMAN, 

NO.  1  SOUTH  FIFTH  STREET. 

1851. 


Entereu,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850,  by 
BENJAMIN   NAYLOR, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and 
for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


*.* 


PREFACE. 


THE  system  of  teaching  Geography,  to  which  this  work  is  de- 
signed as  an  auxiliary  both  to  Teachers  and  Pupils,  is,  in  most 
respects  original. 

There  is  no  disagreement  among  intelligent  persons,  in  regard  to 
the  importance  of  a  knowledge  of  this  science;  but  as  regards  the 
manner  of  imparting  this  knowledge,  there  appears  to  be  but  little 
unanimity  of  sentiment  among  teachers,  further  than  a  general  ad- 
mission that  the  practical  results  when  estimated  in  comparison 
with  the  time  and  labour  usually  devoted  to  the  study  of  Geo- 
graphy in  our  schools,  are  far  from  being  satisfactory  to  themselves 
or  to  their  pupils. 

Without  attempting  to  point  out  defects  in  prevailing  modes  of 
teaching  this  or  other  branches,  we  may  be  permitted  to  suggest 
that  inasmuch  as  the  human  mind  is  governed  by  fixed  and  inmu ta- 
ble laws,  any  system  which  operates  in  harmony  with  these  laws 
will  enable  us  to  accomplish  much  more  than  that  which  has  no 
foundation  in  mental  philosophy.  Observation  is  the  first  step  in 
intellectual  progress ;  in  order,  therefore,  successfully  to  impart 
and  to  acquire  knowledge,  the  attention  of  the  learner  must,  as  far 
as  possible,  be  exclusively  directed  to  the  subject  under  considera- 
tion. Secondly,  each  simple  or  complex  idea  should  be  clearly 
comprehended,  previous  to  any  additional  matter  being  presented 
for  examination.  Thirdly,  the  mind  must  be  taxed  ;  there  must 
be  a  degree  of  intellectual  effort,  or  mental  exertion  proportionate 
to  the  end  to  be  attained.  Fourthly,  the  process  of  repetition  is 
indispensably  necessary  to  render  the  mind  familiar  with  any  science. 
Fifthly,  by  means  of  the  principles  of  association,  (the  basis  of  me- 
mory,) we  should  weave  together  skilfully  and  methodically  the 
various  facts  and  ideas  acquired,  and  thus  render  our  knowledge 
permanent  and  practical. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

The  Grand  and  Sub-Divisions  of  each  country  should  be  taught, 
in  every  instance,  as  the  first  lesson  to  a  class.  The  large  bodies 
of  water,  viz.,  Oceans  Seas,  Gulfs,  Bays,  Lakes,  &c.,  may  consti- 
tute the  second  lesson.  The  class  should  then  be  exercised  in  an- 
swering the  questions  in  reference  to  the  situation  of  the  different 
bodies  of  water  embraced  in  the  lesson.  The  Islands  may  then  be 
learned,  and  the  pupils  exercised  with  questions  in  reference  to  this 
and  the  preceding  less'ons.  The  Rivers  may  be  taken  as  a  fourth 
lesson,  and  the  class  then  exercised  in  giving  a  description  of  the 
source,  course,  &c.,  of  each  river,  and  in  learning  the  towns  situated 
on  its  banks.  After  which  the  Mountains,  Capes,  Towns,  Bounda- 
ries, &c.,  should  be  successively  taught,  and  the  class  exercised  upon 


4  PREFACE. 

t 

the  Promiscuous  Questions  in  the  book,  until  every  question  can 
be  answered  correctly,  and  without  the  least  hesitation. 

The  pupil  who  satisfies  himself  with  merely  learning  to  chant  the 
names,  and  neglects  to  study  the  answers  to  the  questions,  will  fail 
to  acquire  that  practical  knowledge  of  the  science,  which  the  system 
is  calculated  to  impart.  And  the  teacher  who  fails  to  instruct  his 
pupils  in  this  particular  does  injustice  to  the  system. 

Regarding  the  correct  spelling  of  geographical  names  as  very 
important,  the  author  has  paid  particular  attention  to  this  subject  in 
the  present  work.  He  has  taken  Baldwin's  Gazetteer  as  the  standard 
in  this  respect,  and  has  endeavoured  carefully  to  conform  to  it, — 
especially  in  regard  to  the  mode  of  writing  Oriental  names.  Many 
of  these  names,  (in  consequence  of  the  various  modes  in  which  they 
are  spelled,  even  by  the  best  writers,)  being  a  source  of  great  per- 
plexity to  teachers  and  students  of  geography;  he  has,  with  the 
permission  of  the  authors  of  the  "  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,"  adopted 
the  plan  of  generally  inserting  the  different  spellings,  as  given-  in 
that  work.  He  takes  this  opportunity  of  expressing  his  great  obli- 
gation to  the  authors  of  the  Gazetteer  for  their  permission  to  insert  ia 
tne  present  edition  of  this  work,  the  pronunciation  of  a  number  of 
difficult  names. 

He  has  been  the  more  anxious  to  have  this  book  perfectly  faultless 
in  respect  to  spelling,  from  the  belief  that  such  a  work  might  be 
very  advantageously  used  in  schools  as  a  Spelling-Book  of  geogra- 
phical names. 

It  is  proper  to  state  that  this  work  is  now  used  in  many  schools, 
in  connexion  with  Mitchell's  Atlas,  to  which  it  is  equally  as  well 
adapted  as  to  Pelton's  Outline  Maps. 


THIS  WOIK,  THE  SPEEDY  CALCULATOR,  AND  THE  MULTIPLICATION 
TABLE  IN  A  NEW  AND  IMPROVED  FORM,  ARE  SOLD  BY 

W.  A.  LEARY  &  Co.,  No.  138  North  Second  Street, 
URIAH  HUNT  &  SON,  No.  44  North  Fourth  Street, 
DANIELS  &  SMITH,  No.  36  North  Sixth  Street,  and 
T.  E.  CHAPMAN,  No.  1  South  Fifth  Street. " 


DEFINITIONS. 

1.  GEOGRAPHY  is  a  description  of  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

2.  The  Earth  is  a  large  globe,  bait,  or  sphere. 

3.  The  surface  of  the  earth  is  composed  of  land  and  water. 

4.  About  one-fourth  part  is  land,  three  parts  are  water. 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 

5.  The  land  surface  of  the  earth  is  naturally  divided   into  Continents, 
Islands,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  Capes,  Mountains,  Shores,  or  Coasts,  &c. 

6.  A  Continent  is  a  great  extent  of  land,  containing  many  countries. 
There  are  but  two:    Europe,   Asia,  and   Africa,  called  the  Eastern,  and 
North  and  South  America,  the  Western  Continent. 

7.  An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land,  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 

8.  A  Peninsula  is  a  portion  of  land,  nearly  surrounded  by  water. 

9.  An  Isthmus  is  a  narrow  neck  of  land  which  joins  two  parts  of  a  Con- 
tinent, or  a  Peninsula  to  a  Continent. 

10.  A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  a  Sea,  Ocean,  or  some  other 
body  of  water.     A  high  or  rocky  point  of  land  extending  into  the  Sea  or 
Ocean,  is  called  a  promontory  or  head  land. 

11.  A  Mountain  is  a  vast  elevation  of  land.     Several  Mountains  con- 
nected together  are  called  a  range  or  chain  of  Mountains.     Land  lying  be- 
tween hills  or  Mountains  is  called  a  valley. 

12.  A  Volcano  is  a  Mountain  that  sends  forth  flame,  smoke,  and  lava  or 
melted  stones,  from  an  opening  at  the  top  called  a  crater. 

13.  A  Desert  is  a  vast  sandy  plain,  mostly  destitute  of  water  and  vegeta- 
tion.    Some  Deserts  contain  a  few  green  and  fertile  spots.     These  spots  are 
called  Oases,  and  resemble  Islands  in  the  Ocean. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 

14.  The  water  is  divided  into  Oceans,  Seas,  Archipelagoes,  Gulfs,  Bays, 
Sounds,  Channels,  Straits,  Lakes,  and  Rivers. 

15.  An  Ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  salt  water. 

16.  A  Sea  is  a  collection  of  salt  water  smaller  than  an  Ocean. 

17.  An  Archipelago  is  a  sea  interspersed  with  many  Islands. 

18.  A  Gulf  or  Bay  is  a  part  of  some  larger  body  of  water,  extending  into 
the  land. 

19.  A  Strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water,  separating  different  portions 
of  land,  and  connecting  different  bodies  of  water. 

20.  A  Channel  is  a  passage  of  water  generally  wider  than  a  Strait. 

21.  A   Sound  is  a  passage  of  water  so  shallow  that  its  depth  may  be 
measured  with  lead  and  line. 

22.  A  Lake  is  a  large  body  of  fresh  water  mostly  surrounded  by  land. 
Small  Lakes  are  called  Ponds. 

23.  A  River  is  a  large  stream  of  fresh  water,  flowing  from  mountains  or 
high  land,  into  an  Ocean,  Sea,  or  some  other  body  of  water.     Small  streams 
are  called  Brooks,  Creeks,  and  Rivulets.    The  source  of  a  River  is  the  place 
where  it  rises.     The  mouth  of  a  River  is  the  place  where  it  empties  into  an 
ocean,  sea,  or  some  other  body  of  water.     The  right  bank  of  a  River  is  the 

1"  (5) 


6 

bank  on  the  right  hand  side  as  you  descend  it;  the  left  bank  the  bank  on 
the  left  hand  side. 

The  Axis,  or  "Diameter  of  the  Earth  is  an  imaginary  straight  line  passing 
through  its  centre  from  North  to  South,  and  is  about  8,000  miles  in  length. 

The  Extremities  of  the  axis  are  called  poles. 

The  Circumference  of  the  earth  is  the  distance  around  the  middle  of  its 
surface  or  outside,  and  is  nearly  25,000  miles. 

The  Equator  is  an  imaginary  circle,  extending  East  and  West  round  the 
Earth,  at  an  equal  distance  from  each  Pole,  dividing  the  Earth  into  North- 
ern and  Southern  Hemispheres. 

Parallels  of  latitude  are  circles  passing  round  the  earth  parallel  to  the 
equator. 

Every  Circle  of  the  earth  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  equal  parts, 
called  degrees,  and  each  of  these  degrees  into  60  equal  parts,  called  minutes. 

The  Latitude  of  any  place  is  its  distance  North  or  South  from  the  equa- 
tor, and  it  cannot  exceed  90  degrees. 

Meridians  are  imaginary  circles,  extending  North  and  South  through  the 
Poles  of  the  Earth,  intersecting  the  Equator  at  right  angles. 

Longitude  is  the  distance  of  any  place  East  or  West  from  an  established 
meridian,  and  cannot  exceed  180  degrees. 

The  Tropics  are  parallels  of  latitude  23^  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  equa- 
tor ;  that  on  the  North  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer, — that  on  the  South 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  parallels  of  latitude  23|  degrees  from  each  Pole  ; 
that  on  the  North  is  called  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  that  on  the  South  the 
Antarctic  Circle. 

Zones  are  divisions  of  the  earth's  surface  made  by  the  tropics  and  polar 
circles. 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  that  portion  of  the  earth  which  lies  between  the 
tropics. 

The  Temperate  zones  are  included  between  the  tropics  and  polar  circles ; 
that  on  the  North  is  called  the  North  Temperate  Zone  ;  and  that  on  the 
South,  the  South  Temperate  Zone. 

The  Frigid  zones  are  included  within  the  polar  circles  :  that  within  the 
Arctic  Circle  is  called  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ;  and  that  within  the  Antartic 
Circle,  the  South  Frigid  Zone. 

A  Map  is  a  picture  or  representation  of  a  part,  or  of  the  whole  of  the 
earth's  surface.  The  top  of  the  Map  represents  the  North;  the  right  hand 
East,-  the  bottom  South;  and  the  left  hand  West.  A  collection  of  Maps 
is  called  an  Atlas, 


DIVISIONS  OF  NOR 


DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 
4,500  Miles-  Long,  and  2,500  Miles  Wide. 

Greendand.  Labrador.  Upper  California, Mon- 

Kussian  America.  Canada  East,    >  Mon-      terey. 

British  America.  Canada  West,  S  treal   Mexico,  Mexico. 

New  Britain.  New  Brunswick,  Fre  Guatemala,  St.  Salva- 

N.  North  Wales.      •        derickton.  dor. 

N.  South  Wales.  Nova  Scotia,  Halifax.  Yucatan,  Mer'ida. 

East  Main.  U.  States,Washington.  Balize,  Balize. 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 

The  words  inclosed  in  parentheses  are  designed  (when  they  begin  with 
capitals)  to  show  the  different  spellings  of  the  preceding  name,  but  should 
claim  the  attention  of  the  pupil  only  when  the  work  is  used  as  a  Spelling 
Book  ;  both  spellings  should  then  be  learned. 

When  they  do  not  begin  with  capitals,  they  are  intended  to  show  the 
pronunciation  of  the  preceding  name. 

Davy's  Sound.  Gulf  Stream — 

Ardencaple  Inlet  (kapO  Delaware  B. 
Lancaster  Sd. —  Chesapeake  B. 

Albemarle'  Sd.,  60 — 
w.  Pam'lico  Sound. 


Smith's  Sd. 
Baffin's  B.,  350  m 
Melville  B.— 
N.  East  B. 
S.  E.  B. 
Davis's  Strait — 
Comberland  Str. 
Frob'isher's  Str. 
Hudson's  Str. — 
Fox  Channel. 
Welcome  Str. 
Chesterfield  Inlet- 
Hudson's  B.  1,200  m 

1.  600  w. 
James's  B. 
Richmond  G. — 
Musquito  B. 
Ungav'a  B. 
Str.  of  Bellisle — 

(bel-lile'.) 

G.  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Northumberland  Str. 
Gut  of  Canseau. 

(kar/so.) 
B.  of  Fundy— 
Long  Island  Sound. 


80. 


Cook's  Inlet. 
Bristol  B.— 
Norton  Sd. 
Gulf  of  Anadeer', 
(or  An-a-dir7.) 
Caribbean  Sea,  1,600   Be'hring's  Str.40  m.  w. 

m.  1.  (improperly  written, 

Gulf  of  Mexico— 1000      Bhering's.) 

m.  1.  Arctic  Ocean. 

Charlotte  Harbour.        Polar  Sea. 
Tampa  B.  Makenzie's  Sea — 

B.  of  Campeach'y, —   Coronation  G. 

(or  Cam-pech'e.)        Bathurst  Inlet. 
B.  of  Hondu'ras.  G.  of  Boothia — 

Amatique  B.  Pr.  Regent's  Inlet. 

(am-ah-teek'.)  Barrow  Str. 

B.  of  Guatemala —        Winter  Harbour. 

(guat-e-mah'la) 
Pacific  Ocean,  11,000  LAKES, 

m.  1.  9000  m.  w.       Lake  Caniap'uscaw. 
Gulf  of  Tehuantepec.    L.  Mistissin'ny. 

(ta-wan-ta-pek'.)        L.  Abbitib'be — 
G.  of  California— 700  L.  Onta'rio,  190  m.  1. 

m.  1.  L.  Erie,  250  m.  1. 

Francis'co  B.  L.  St.  Clair — 

Str.  of  Juan  de  Fuca.    Huron  L.  280  m.  1. 


G.  of  Georgia — 
Nootka  Sd. 
Queen  Charlotte's  S. 
Atlantic    Ocean,  9000  Washington  Sd— 
in.  1. 1000  to  4000  w.  Prince  William  Sd. 


Manitouline  L. 

(man-i-too'lin.) 
Michigan  L.  320  m.l. 
Green  Bar,  100  m.  1. 
L.  Superior,  430  m.  1. 


L.  Salle. 

L.  Winnipeg,  300— 

L.  Manito'ba. 

Little  Winnipeg — 

Deer  L. — 

Little  Slave  L. 

Athabas'ca  L.  200  m 

(or  Athapescow.) 
Gr.  Slave  L.  300— 
Gr.  Boar  L.  160. 
Chelekhof,  L. 

(or  Shel'e-kof.) 
Gr.  Salt  L.— 
Tula  Lakes, 

(too'la.) 
L.  Cayman, 

(ki-man'.) 
L.  Chapala — 

(chah-pah'la. 


Rainy  L. —  1'ulia'ina  Is. 

L.  of  the  Woods,  100  New  Providence,  Nas- 
m.  1.  sau — 

Ab'aco. 
Cat. 
Long — 
Mayaguana, 

(my-a-guan'a.) 
Turks. 
1.  Inagua — 

(in-ah'gua.) 
Florida  Reefs. 
Tortugas  Is. 
Key  West — 
Cuba,  Havana. 
I.  of  Pines — 
Jamaica,    Spanish    T. 

and  Kingston. 
Hayti,  Port  au  Prince, 

(ha'te.) 

Porto  Rico,  St.  John's. 
St.  Thomas. 

L.  Nicaragua,  120  ra.l.  St.  John's, 
(nik-ar-ah'gua.)          St.  Martin's — 

Barbuda, 

ISLANDS,  (bar-boo'da.) 

North  Georgian   Isl-    Santa  Cruz. 

ands.  St.  Kits — 

Bank's  Land.  Antigua. 

Melville,  100  in.  1.—        (an-te'gua.) 
Sabine.  Guadaloupe'. 

(sab-een'.)  Dominica — 

Byam  Martin.  (dom-i-neek'a.) 

Bathurst —  Martinico, 

Cornwallis.  (or  Martinique.) 

Das'co.  St.  Lucia. 

Jan  Mayen —  St.  Vincent — 

(yan-my'en.)  Barba'dos. 

Iceland.  Grena'da. 

Pr.  William's  Land.     Toba'go— 
Southampton —  Trinidad'. 

New'foundland,        St.  Margarita, 

John's,    430    in.    1.      (mar-ga-re'tah.) 
300  w.  Tortuga— 

C.  Breton  I.  Sidney —  Orchil'la. 
Anticosti,  Bonair', 

(an-te-cos'te.)  (or  Buen  Ayre.) 

Pr.    Edward's,    Char-  Curagoa — 

loite's  Town —  (or  Curasao.) 

Sable.  (koo-ra-so'.) 

Bermudas  Is.  Oru'ba. 

(ber-moo'dez.)  Corn  Is. 

West  India  Is.  Quib'do — 


Revillagige'do  Is. 
Ignacio, 

(ig-nash/eo.) 
Vancouver's,  300  m.  1 
Queen  Charlotte's. 
Sitka,  improperly  writ- 

te'n     Sitcha,      New 

Archangel — 
Kodiak. 
Shoomag'in's. 
Aleu'tian  Is. — 
Nun'nivack. 

RIVERS, 

Maken'zie's,  25. 
Peel. 

Laird's,  5 — 
Hay,  3. 
Slave. 
Peace,  8— 
Fin'lay. 
Athabas'ca,  6. 

(or  Athapescow.) 
Saskatchewan,  12 — 
N.  Branch. 
S.  Branch. 
Red,  5— 
Ot'tawa,6,  written  aiso 

Utawas. 
Saguenay,  4, 

(sag-a-na'.) 
Kok'sak,  or  Koksah,  5 
Gr.  Whale,  5. 
East  Main,  5. 
Abbitih'be — 

(ab-bi-tib'be.) 
Al'bany,  5. 
Sev'ern,  3. 
Nel'son,  16 — 
Church'ill,  9. 
Wa'ger. 
Gr.  Fish,  6— 
Fra'zer's,  7^. 
Okanag'an. 
McGil'livray's — 
Clark's,  6. 
Spokain'. 
Kooskoos'kee— 
Sal'mon. 
Fayette'. 
Reid- 
Sickly. 
Bear. 


9 


Breneau, 

Mt.  Jefferson.                 Pt,  Bee'chey. 

(bre-no'.) 

Mr.  S  haste  —                 Pt.  Demarcation  — 

Owy'hee. 

(shas'te.)                     Bathurst. 

Mal'heur. 

Coast  Range.                 Pt.  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Lewis,  8  — 

Sierra     Nevad'a,     (or  York  — 

Falls. 

Snowy  Range,  15,-  Hurd. 

Willam'ette. 

500  f.  h.  —                  Robertson. 

Oolum'bia,  12  — 

Mt.  St.  Bernardino, 

Um'qua. 

(ber-nar-dee'no.)                   TOWNS, 

Kia'met. 

Wahsatch  Mts.              Toronto. 

ISacramen'to,  4  — 

(waw'satch.)              Quebec. 

Colorado,  11. 

Mexican  Cordil'leras.    Lunenburg. 

eo-lo-rah'do.) 

Mt.  Jorullo,                .    Liverpool  — 

S'evier'. 

(ho-rool'yo.)               Gape  Haytien,  or  Hai« 

Gila— 

Popocatapetl,     17,735     tien. 

(hee'lah.) 
Yaquesila,   (or  Jaque- 
sila.) 

f.  h.                             St.  Domingo, 
(po-po-cat-a-pet'el.)  Port  au  Prince. 
Water  Volcano,  12,620  Jer'emie— 

(yah-kah-see'la. 

f.  h.                             Havana. 

Yaqui,  4. 

Cosiguina  Vol.              Matan'zas. 

(yah-kee'.) 

(kos-e-ge'na.)             St.  Jago. 

Grande  — 

San  Sal'vador. 

(gran'da.) 

CAPES.             Porto  (or  Puerto)  Prin- 

St.  Juan. 

Cape  Brewster.                  cipe  — 

Balize. 

Jsorth.                             Chihuahua, 

Tula— 

Closterbay  —                      (tshe-wah/wah.) 

MOUNTAINS, 

Farewell  .                             (c^  as  i  n  chili  or  Chili) 
Walsingham.                  Monclova. 

Mt.  Hecla,  6,530  f.  h. 

King's.                            Matamoras. 

Arctic  Highlands. 

Allegha'ny  Mts.  900m.      written  Chidley. 

1.  i  m.  h. —  St.  Lewis. 

Ozark  Mts.  2000  f.  h.  St.  John- 
Hooky  Mts.  4000m.  1.  Race. 
Spanish  Peaks —  Sable. 

Pike's  P.  12,000  f.  h.   Cod- 
Long  P.  12,500  f.  h.     Cannav'eral. 
Fre'mont's    P.   13,570  St.  Ant.o'nio— 

f.  h.  Gracias  a  Dios, 

Mt.     Hooker,    15,700 

f.  h.  Gorda. 

Mt.  Brown,  16,000 f.h.  Corrien'tes— 
Mt.  St.  Elias,  17,900  St.  Lucas. 


Morro  Hermo'so. 
Mendocino — 

(men-do-see'no.) 
Orford. 
Elizabeth. 


f.  h.— 

Mt.  Fair  Weather. 
Cas'cade  Range. 
Mt.  Baker— 
Mt.  Olym'pus. 
Mt.    Rainier,     12,000  Romanzoff' — 

f.  h.    (ra-neer'.)         East. 
Mt.  St.  Hel'ens,  13,300  Prince  of  Wales. 

f.  h.  Icy— 

Mt.  Hood,  14,000  f.h.  Pt.  Barrows. 


Chud'leigh^ sometimes  Monterey. 
Vera  Cruz, 

(va'rah-kroose.) 
Tampico — 

(tam-pee'ko.) 
Durango. 
Zacatecas, 

(sah-kah-ta'kas.) 
San  Luis  Potosi. 

(san-loo-is'po-to-see') 
(grass-e-os-a-de'oce)  Aguayo — 

(ah-gwi'o.) 
Guanaxuato, 

(or  Guanajuato.) 

(gwan-ah-hwa'to.) 
Queretaro, 

(ker-a'tah-ro.) 
Cholula  (ch  as  inchill.) 

(tsho-loo'lah.) 
Jalapa  (or  Xalapa.)— 

(hah-lah'pah.) 
Guadalaxara, 

(or  Guadalajara.) 

(gua-dah-lah-har/ah) 


10 

Valladolid'.                     Oaxaca  (or  Oajaca) —  Leon. 

La  Puebla,                          (wah-hah'kah.  Cartago, 

(lah-pweb'lah.)          Old  Guatemala.  (kar-tah'go.j 

Alvarad  o.                       New  Guatemala.  Chagres, 


ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 

ON  THE 

MAP    OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS,  BAYS,  SOUNDS,  &c. 

DAVY'S  SOUND. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Greenland — a  part  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

ARDENCAPLE  INLET. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Greenland — a 
part  of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

LANCASTER  SOUND. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Pr.  Wil- 
liam's Land — and  the  southern  coast,  of  the  east  North  Georgian 
Islands — a  part  of  Baffin's  Bay. 

SMITH'S  SOUND. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Greenland — 
and  eastern  coast  of  the  North  Georgian  Islands — a  part  of  Baffin's 
Bay. 

BAFFIN'S  BAY. — Between  the  western  part  of  Greenland — and  the 
north-eastern  part  of  Pr.  William's  Land — a  part  of  the  Arctic  Ocean 
— is  350  miles  wide. 

MELVILLE  BAY. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Greenland — a  part 
of  Baffin's  Bay. 

NORTH-EAST  AND  SOUTH-EAST  BAYS. — In  the  western  part  of 
Greenland — parts  of  Baffin's  Bay — one  north — and  the  other  south- 
east of  Disco  Island. 

DAVIS'S  STRAIT. — Separates  the  south-western  part  of  Greenland — 
from  the  south-eastern  part  of  Pr.  William's  Land — and  connects  the 
waters  of  Baffin's  Bay — with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

CUMBERLAND,  FROBISHER'S,  AND  HUDSON'S  STRAITS. — Between  the 
southern  part  of  Pr.  William's  Land — and  the  northern  part  of  East 
Main  and  Labrador — connecting  the  waters  of  Hudson's  Bay  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Fox  CHANNEL. — 3etween  the  western  coast  of  the  southern  part  of 
Pr.  William's  Land — and  the  eastern  parts  of  Southampton  Island — 
and  Melville  Peninsula — a  part  of  Hudson's  Bay. 

WELCOME  STRAIT. — Between  the  north-eastern  part  of  New  North 
Wales— -and  western  part  of  Southampton  Island — a  part  of  Hudson's 
Bay. 

CHESTERFIELD  INLET. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  New  North 
Wales — a  part  of  Hudson's  Bay. 

HUDSON'S  BA^  . — In  the  eastern  interior  of  British  America — 1200 
miles  loner,  and  000  wide.  The  North,  Seal,  Great  Whale,  East 
Main,  Rupert,  llaricanaw,  Abbitibbe,  Albany,  Attahwahpiskat, 


11 

Severn,  Nelson,  York,  Churchill,  Knaps,  Chesterfield,  and  Wager 
Rivers  flow  into  it. 

JAMES'S  BAY. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  New  South  Wales — 
and  south-western  part  of  East  Main — a  part  of  Hudson's  Bay. 

RICHMOND  GULF. — In  the  western  part  of  East  Main — a  part  of 
Hudson's  Bay. 

MUSQUITO  BAY. — In  the  north-western  part  of  East  Main — a  part 
of  Hudson's  Bay. 

UNGAVA  BAY. — Between  the  north-eastern  part  of  East  Main — and 
north-western  part  of  Labrador — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — the 
Koksak  River  flows  into  it. 

STRAIT  OF  BELLISLE. — Separates  Newfoundland  from  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Labrador — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

GULF  OF  ST.  LAWRENCE. — Borders  on  the  southern  part  of  Labra- 
dor—the eastern  part  of  Canada  and  New  Brunswick — the  northern 
parts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  Island — and  the  western  part 
of  Newfoundland — is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  STRAIT. — Separates  Pr.  Edward's  Island — from 
New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia — is  a  part  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

(TUT  OF  CANSEAU. — Separates  Cape  Breton  Island  from  Nova  Sco- 
tia- -and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

BAY  OF  FUNDY. — Between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick — a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 180  miles  long,  and  50  miles  wide. — 
The  tides  which  here  rise  to  the  height  of  71  feet — rush  in  with 
astonishing  rapidity — and  swine  are  often  overtaken  and  drowned, 
while  feeding  on  shell-fish.  Grindstones  and  Gypsum,  or  Plaster 
of  Paris,  are  obtained  at  the  head  of  this  Bay. 

CARIBBEAN  SEA. — Borders  on  the  eastern  part  of  Yucatan,  Balize, 
and  Guatemala — and  the  northern  part  of  Guatemala,  New  Grenada, 
and  Venezuela — having  the  Caribbee  Islands  on  the  east — and  the 
Greater  Antilles  on  the  north — is  1600  miles  long. 

BAY  OF  CAMPEACHY. — North  of  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mexico, 
and  west  of  Yucatan — a  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  town  of 
Campeachy,  in  the  western  part  of  Yucatan,  is  situated  on  it. 

BAY  OF  HONDURAS. — Between  the  eastern  parts  of  Yucatan  and 
Balize — and  the  northern  part  of  Guatemala — a  part  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea. 

AMATIQUE  BAY. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Guatemala,  and  south 
of  Balize — a  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

BAY  OF  GUATEMALA. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Guatemala — a  part  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea. 

GULF  OF  TEHUANTEPEC. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mexico— a 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  town  of  Tehuantepec  is  situated  on 
it,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  salt  works. 

GULF  OF  CALIFORNIA. — Between  the  Peninsula  of  California  and 
the  western  part  of  Mexico— a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean — 700  miles 
long — Colorado  and  Yaqui  rivers  flow  into  it,  and  the  town  of  Guay- 
mas  (gwi'mas)  situated  on  its  eastern  bank ;  has  a  population  of  8000, 
and  one  of  the  best  harbours  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico. 

FRANCISCO  BAY. — In  the  western  part  of  Upper  California — a  part 


tfe 

of  the  Pacific  OceaYi.  Sacramento  river  flows  into  it — and  the  town 
of  San  'Ftjinjjjsco  is  situated  on  it.  Its  harbour  is  sufficiently  capa- 
cious to  contain  the  whole  of  the  British  navy. 

STRAIT  OF  JUAN  DE  FUCA. — Separates  the  south-eastern  part  of  Van 
couver's  Island — from  the  north-western  part  of  Oregon  Territory — 
and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  with  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

GULF  OF  GEORGIA. — Between  the  south-western  part  of  Britisl 
America  and  the  eastern  part  of  Vancouver's  Island — a  part  of  th* 
Pacific  Ocean.  Frazer's  river  flows  into  it. 

NOOTKA  SOUND. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Vancouver's  Island — 
a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

QUEEN  CHARLOTTE'S  SOUND. — Between  the  south-western  part  of 
British  America  and  the  northern  coast  of  the  north-western  part  of 
Vancouver's  Island — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

WASHINGTON  SOUND. — Between  the  south-western  coast  of  British 
America  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Washington  or  Queen  Charlotte's 
Island — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM'S  SOUND. — In  the  south  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Russian  America — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

COOK'S  INLET. — In  the  southern  part  of  Russian  America — a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

BRISTOL  BAY. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Russian  America — a 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

NORTON'S  SOUND. — In  the  western  part  of  Russian  America — a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

GULF  OF  ANADEER. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Siberia — a  part  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

BEHRING'S  STRAIT. — Separates  the  two  grand  divisions  of  North 
America  and  Asia — and  the  two  political  divisions  of  Russian  Ame- 
rica and  Siberia — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Arctic  and  Pacific 
Ocean — is  40  miles  wide. 

MACKENZIE'S  SEA. — In  the  north-western  part  of  British  America — 
Mackenzie's  river  flows  into  it. 

CORONATION  GULF. — In  the  northern  part  of  British  America — apart 
of  the  Polar  Sea — the  Copper  Mine  river  flows  into  it. 

BATHURST  INLET. — In  the  northern  part  of  British  America — east  of 
Coronation  Gulf  is  a  part  of  the  Polar  Sea. 

GULF  OF  BOOTHIA. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  British  America — 
north  of  Hudson's  Bay — from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Peninsula 
of  Melville. 

PRINCE  REGENT  INLET. — Borders  on  the  western  coast  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  Prince  William's  Land,  and  leads  from  the  Gulf  of  Boothia 
into  Barrow's  Strait. 

BARROW'S  STRAIT. — Separates  the  most  northern  part  of  British 
America  from  the  southern  coast  of  the  North  Georgian  Islands — and 
connects  Lancaster  Sound  with  the  Polar  Sea. 


LAKES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

LAKE  CANIAPUSCAW. — In  the  eartern  part  of  East  Main — the  source 
of  the  Koksah  river. 


13 

L.  MISTISSINNY. — In  the  southern  part  of  East  Main — the  source 
of  the  Rupert  river.  .  tfrft 

L.  ABBITTIBBE. — In  the  south-westerajgn^gffitgi ffij^Syfa  of 
James's  Bay.  The  source  of  the  AbbitiDnfeaKfiSBS**1*^^ 

L.  SALLE.— In  the  southern  part  of  New  South  Wales — north-east 
of  Lake  of  the  Woods. 

WINNIPEG  L. — In  the  southern  part  of  British  America — north- 
west of  Lake  of  the  Woods.  Saskatchawan  and  Red  river  flow  into 
it,  and  Nelson's  river  connects  it  with  Hudson's  Bay.  It  is  300 
miles  long. 

MANITOBA  L. — In  the  southern  part  of  British  America — south- 
west of  Winnipeg  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

LITTLE  WINNIPEG  L. — In  .the  southern  part  of  British  America — 
west  of  Winnipeg  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

DEER  L. — In  the  southern  part  of  New  North  Wales,  connected  by 
an  outlet  with  Churchill  river. 

LITTLE  SLAVE  L. — In  the  south-western  part  of  British  America, 
connected  by  an  outlet  with  Athabasca  river. 

ATHABASCA  L. — In  the  western  interior  of  British  America.  Atha- 
basca river  flows  into  it,  and  Slave  river  connects  it  with  the  Great 
Slave  L.  It  is  200  miles  long'. 

GREAT  SLAVE  L. — In  the  north-western  interior  of  British  America. 
The  Slave  and  Hay  rivers  flow  into  it,  and  Mackenzie's  river  issues 
from  it.  It  is  300  miles  long. 

GREAT  BEAR  L. — In  the  north-western  part  of  British  America — 
connected  by  an  outlet  with  Mackenzie's  river.  It  is  160  miles  long. 

CHELEKHOF  L. — In  the  southern  part  of  Russian  America — west 
of  Cook's  Inlet. 

GREAT  SALT  L. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Upper  California — 
on  the  eastern  margin  of  the  great  basin.  It  is  90  miles  long,  and 
from  30  to  40  wide.  The  Bear  river  flows  into  it.  It  is  more  than 
500  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  above  which  its  surface  has  an  ele- 
vation of  4200  feet.  Its  waters  are  a  saturated  solution  of  common 
salt.  At  the  couth-eastern  extremity  is  the  Utah  Lake.  This  appears 
like  an  arm  or  bay  of  the  former,  but  its  waters  are  said  to  be  fresh, 
and  flow  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

TULE  Ls. — In  the  western  part  of  Upper  California — connected 
during  the  spring  or  wet  season,  with  San  Joaquin  river.  The  largest 
lake  is  80  miles  long  and  15  wide. 

L.  CAYMAN. — In  the  eastern  interior  of  Mexico.  It  is  40  miles 
long. 

L.  CHAPALA. — In  the  southern  interior  of  Mexico.  The  Grande 
river  flows  through  it.  It  is  90  miles  long. 

NICARAGUA  L. — In  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Guatemala — 120 
miles  long,  about  40  miles  wide,  and  90  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is 
134  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Pacific  Ocean — to  the  nearest  part  of 
which  the  distance  is  but  12  miles,  and  70  miles  to  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  with  which  the  lake  communicates  through  the  river  St.  Juan. 
The  town  of  Nicaragua  is  situated  oa  its  southern  coast,  and  the  town 
of  Leon  on  Leon  L. 


14 


ISLANDS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

« 

NORTH  GEORGIAN  ISLANDS. — In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Britis'i 
America. 

MELVILLE  I. — The  largest  of  the  North  Georgian  Islands — in  tho 
Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  British  America.  It  is  100  miles  long,  and  100 
wide.  The  Winter  Harbour  on  the  southern  coast  of  this  island,  is 
remarkable  for  being  the  place  where  the  adventurous  Captain  Parry 
and  his  crew  braved  the  rigors  of  the  Arctic  climate  for  two  years. 
Here  the  sun  sets  on  the  4th  of  November,  and  does  not  rise  till  the 
2d  of  February,  making  a  night  of  three  .months'  continuance. 

SABINE  I. — One  of  the  North  Georgian  Islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
north  of  British  America. 

Disco  I. — In  Baffin's  Bay,  west  of  Greenland — it  contains  a  vast 
mine  of  sea  coal. 

JAN  MAYEN  I. — In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  east  of  Greenland. 

ICELAND. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south-east  of  Greenland — bor- 
dering on  the  Arctic  Circle.  It  is  250  miles  long,  and  220  wide. 
Area  40,000  square  miles,  and  population  58,000. 

In  no  other  country  have  volcanic  eruptions  been  so  numerous,  or 
spread  over  so  large  a  surface,  as  in  this  island.  Besides  more 
than  30  volcanic  mountains — there  exists  an  immense  number  of 
small  cones  and  craters,  from  which  streams  of  melted  substances 
have  been  poured  forth,  over  the  surrounding  country.  Nine  volcanoes 
were  active  during  the  last  century — four  in  the  north,  and  the  rest 
lying  nearly  in  a  direct  line,  along  the  southern  coast. 

Twenty-three  eruptions  of  Mount  Hecla  are  recorded,  since  the 
occupation  of  the  island  by  Europeans — but  the  most  extensive  and 
devastating  eruption  ever  experienced  in  the  island,  occurred  1783.  It 
proceeded  from  the  Skaptar  Yokul,  a  volcano,  (or  rather  volcanic  tract, 
having  several  cones,) — near  the  centre  of  the  island.  This  eruption 
did  not  entirely  cease  for  nearly  two  years.  It  destroyed  twenty  vil- 
lages, and  9000  human  beings,  and  it  was  estimated,  that  the  whole 
amount  of  lava  discharged,  would  be  sufficient  to  cover  an  area  of 
1400  square  miles,  to  the  depth  of  150  feet. 

By  far  the  most  remarkable  phenomerffe,  of  Iceland,  are  the  inter- 
mitting hot  springs,  met  with  in  several  parts,  and  of  all  degrees  of 
temperature.  The  water  of  some  of  these  springs,  is  at  intervals 
violently  thrown  into  the  air,  to  a  great  height.  They  have  thence 
received  the  name  of  Geysers ;  from  the  Icelandic  verb  Geysa,  to 
rage.  The  most  celebrated  of  these  springs  are  situated  in  a  plain, 
about  sixteen  miles  north  of  the  village  of  Skalholt. 

The  Great  Geyser,  or  principal  fountain  of  this  kind,  rises  from  a 
tube  or  funnel,  seventy-eight  feet  in  perpendicular  depth,  and  from 
eight  to  ten  feet  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  but  gradually  widening 
towards  the  top,  till  it  terminates  in  a  capacious  basin. 

After  an  emission,  the  basin  and  funnel  are  empty.  The  jets  take 
place  at  intervals  of  about  six  hours ;  and  when  the  water,  in  a  vio- 
lent state  of  ebullition — begins  to  rise  in  the  pipe  or  funnel,  and  to 
fill  the  basin — subterraneous  noises  are  heard,  like  the  distant  roar  of 
cannon — the  earth  is  slightly  shaken — and  the  agitation  increases, 
till  at  length  a  column  of  water  is  suddenly  thrown  up,  with  tremen 


15 

dous  force,  and  loud  explosions,  to  the  height  t5f  from  100  to  200  feet, 
and  playing  for  a  time  like  an  artificial  fountain,  and  giving  off 
great  clouds  of  vapour,  the  funnel  is  emptied,  and  a  column  of  steam 
rushing  up  with  great  violence  and  a  thundering  noise,  terminates 
the  eruption. 

Such  is  the  explosive  force,  that  large  stones  thrown  into  the 
funnel,  are  instantly  ejected,  and  sometimes  shivered  into  small  frag- 
ments. 

Some  of  the  springs  near  the  inhabited  parts  of  the  island  are 
used  for  economical  purposes ; — food  is  dressed  over  them — and  in 
some  places  huts  are  built  over  small  fountains  to  form  steam  baths. 
In  other  parts,  vast  caldrons  of  boiling  mud  are  seen,  in  a  constant 
state  of  activity — sending  up  immense  columns  of  dense  vapour, 
which  obscures  the  atmosphere  to  a  great  distance  around. 

It  is  stated,  in  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,  that  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, as  ;poken  by  the  ancient  Romans,  is  still  spoken  in  some 
parts  of  Iceland.  This  island  belongs  to  Denmark. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM'S  LAND. — Principally  in  the  Polar  Sea — situated 
north-east  of  British  America — having  Baffin's  Bay  on  the  north- 
east— Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south-east — Cumberland  Strait  on  the 
south — Fox  Channel,  Fury,  and  Hecla  Straits,  and  Regent's  Inlet  on 
the  west — and  Barrow's  Strait  and  Lancaster  Sound  on  the  north. 

SOUTHAMPTON  I. — In  the  northern  part  of  Hudson's  Bay,  between 
Fox  Channel  and  Welcome  Strait. 

NEWFOUNDLAND. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  scuta-east  cf  Labrador — 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Bellisle.  It  is  350  miles 
6ng,  and  300  wide — area  50,000  square  nnies.  it  has  long  been 
celebrated  for  its  fisheries,  on  which  the  inhabitants  principally  de- 
pend. More  than  3000  vessels,  and  40,000  fishermen,  Americans, 
English,  and  French,  are  employed  in  the  cod  fisheries,  along  the 
coast  and  the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  It  belongs  to  the  British 
government. 

CAPE  BRETON  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north-east  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia— from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gut  of  Canseau.  It  is  100 
miles  long,  and  85  wide.  It  belongs  to  the  British  government. 

ANTICOSTI  I. — In  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  south  of  Labrador — 
120  miles  long,  and  30  wide.  It  belongs  to  the  British  government. 
It  is  uncultivated  and  uninhabited,  except  by  two  families,  who  have 
been  established  here  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  persons  cast  away 
on  the  coast. 

PRINCE  EDWARD'S  I. — In  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  north  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  east  of  New  Brunswick,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Northumberland  Strait.  It  is  100  miles  long,  and  37  wide. 

SABLE  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  east  of  Nova  Scotia. 

BERMUDAS  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  600  miles  east  of 
Georgia — they  belong  to  the  British  government,  and  consist  of  a 
group  of  400  islands,  most  of  which  are  barren  and  uninhabited. 
The  principal  islands  are  St.  George's,  St.  David's,  Long,  Somerset, 
and  Ireland.  Their  climate  is  that  of  perpetual  spring. 

WEST  INDIA  Is. — Are  situated  southeast  of  the  United  States,  and 
north  of  the  western  part  of  South  America — partially  separating  the 
Caribbean  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

BAHAMA  Is, — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south-east   of  Florida,  and 


16 

,;  .* *_..*.' 

north-east  of  Cuba.  They  belong-  to  tbe  British  government.  The 
principal  islands  of  this  group  are  New  Providence,  Abaco,  Cat,  Longr 
Mayaguana,  Turks,  and  Inagua.  Nassau,  the  capital  of  New  Provi- 
dence, has  a  population  of  5000,  and  Cat  Island  or  the  island  of  St, 
Salvador  is  noted  for  being  the  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus, 
October  12, 1492. 

FLORIDA.  REEFS. — In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  north  of  the  western  part 
of  Cuba. 

TORTUGAS  Is. — In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  Florida  Reefs. 

KEY  WEST. — In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  southern  border  of 
Florida  Reefs.  The  town  of  Key  West  is  situated  on  it,  and  has  a 
capacious  harbour. 

CUBA  I. — The  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands — situated  between 
the  north-wester:!  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 
and  bordering  on  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It 
is  780  miles  long,  and  130  wide.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus, 
October  28,  1492.  Area  42,000  square  miles.  It  belongs  to  Spain, 
and  its  capital  is  Havana. 

I.  OF  PINES. — In  the  north-western  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea — south 
of  the  western  part  of  Cuba. 

JAMAICA  I. — In  the  northern  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea — south  of 
the  eastern  part  of  Cuba — 150  miles  long,  and  50  wide.  Area  4500 
square  miles.  It  belongs  to  the  British  government.  Its  capital  is 
Spanish  Town.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1495. 

HAYTI  I. — Situated  between  the  northern  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean — a  little  south  of  an  easterly  direction  from 
Cuba — 400  miles  long,  and  160  wide.  Area  25,000  square  miles. 
Capitals,  St.  Domingo  and  Port  au  Prince.  It  was  discovered  by 
Columbus,  December  5,  1495. 

PORTO  Rico  I. — Situated  east  of  Hayti,  between  the  north-eastern 
part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 100  miles  long, 
and  40  wide.  Area  3700  square  miles.  Capital,  San  Juan.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493. 

CARIBBEAN  Is. — Extend  from  Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad,  which  is 
included — forming  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

TRINIDAD  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north-east  of  Venezuela — it 
belongs  to  the  British  government,  and  contains  2000  square  miles. 
There  is  a  remarkable  lake  in  the  south-western  part  of  this  island, 
called  the  Brea,  or  Pitch  Lake,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumfe- 
rence, covering  an  area  of  150  acres  ;  its  surface  is  80  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean.  On  the  margin  of  the  lake,  the  pitch  or  bitumen 
is  cold  and  hard,  but  becomes  gradually  warmer  and  softer  towards 
the  interior,  till  in  the  central  part  it  is  seen  boiling  up  in  a  liquid 
state,  exhaling  a  strong  bituminous  and  sulphurous  odour.  The  area 
of  the  liquid  part  is  about  three  acres — its  depth  is  unknown.  Trini- 
dad was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498. 

MARGARITA,  TORTUGA,  ORCHILLA,  BONAIR,  CuRAgOA,  AND  ORUBA 
Is. — In  the  southern  part  of  the  Caribbean  Sea — near  the  northern 
coast  of  Venezuela. 

CORN  Is: — In  the  Bay  of  Guatemala,  east  of  Guatemala. 

QUIBO    I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-east  of  Guatemala. 

REVILLAGIGEDO  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  west  of  the  southern  part 
oi  Mexico. 


IGNACIO  I.— At  the  head  cf  t\\e^g^fffiffltfjM&^e  mouth 
of  the  Colorado  river. 

VANCOUVER'S  I.— In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-west  of  British  Ame- 
rica, from  which  it.  is  separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Georgia.  It  belongs 
to  the  British  government,  and  is  300  miles  long1.  It  is  uncultivated, 
being  inhabited  only  by  Indian  savages.  Its  coasts  are  indented  with 
numerous  bays,  and  fringed  with  towering  forests. 

QUEEN  CHARLOTTE'S  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  west  of  British  Ame- 
rica, is  170  miles  long. 

SITKA  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  west  of  British  America,  and 
north  of  Queen  Charlotte's  I.  The  town  of  New  Archangel  is  situ- 
ated on  it. 

KODIAK  I.— In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south  of  Russian  America. 

SHOOMAGIN'S  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south  of  the  Peninsula  of 
Alaska. 

ALEUTIAN  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-west  of  the  Peninsula 
of  Alaska. 

NUNNIVACK  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-west  of  Russian 
America. 

RIVERS  IN  BRITISH  AMERICA. 

MACKENZIE'S  R. — Flows  from  the  Great  Slave  lake,  in  the  western 
interior  of  British  America,  a  north-westerly  course  into  Mackenzie's 
Sea.  It  is  2500  miles  long.* 

PEEL  R. — Rises  on  the  western  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
in  the  north-western  part  of  British  America — flows  first  a  north- 
westerly, and  then  a  north-easterly  course.  It  is  a  branch  of  Macken- 
zie's river. 

LIARD'S  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  British  America — flows 
first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly,  and  lastly 
a  northerly  course.  It  is  a  branch  of  Mackenzie's  river,  and  is  500 
miles  long. 

HAY  R. — Rises  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
in  the  western  part  of  British  America — flows  a  north-easterly  course 
into  the  south-western  part  of  Great  Slave  lake — and  is  300  miles 
long. 

SLAVE  R. — Connects  Athabasca  and  the  Great  Slave  lakes.  Its 
course  is  a  little  west  of  north. 

PEACE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  two  branches — in  the  west- 
ern part  of  British  America — west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — flows 
first  an  easterly,  then  a  northerly,  and  lastly  a  north-easterly  course 
into  Athabasca  lake,  and  is  800  miles  long.  , 

FINLAY  R. — One  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Peace  river. 

ATHABASCA  R. — Rises  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains — in  the  south-western  part  of  British  America — flows  a 
general  north-easterly  course  into  Athabasca  lake — and  is  600  miles 
long. 

*  The  length,  as  here  given,  includes  the  .Slave  and  Peace  rivers — and  it 
is  to  be  understood  in  every  case — that  the 'length  of  a  river  is  given  from 
its  ultimate  source,  though  the  head  branches  may,  in  some  instances,  take 
different  names. 


18 

SASKATCHAWAN  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  two  branches 
called  North  and  Stmth — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south- 
easterly course,  into  tne  nortnern  part  of  Winnipeg  lake — and  is  1200 
miles  long. 

RED  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  two  branches — issuing  from 
Ottertail  and  Traverse  lakes — flows  a  northerly  course  into  the  south- 
ern part  of  Winnipeg  lake — and  is  500  miles  long.  The  Moose  river 
flows  into  it  near  its  mouth. 

OTTAWA  R. — Forms  the  boundary  between  Canada  East  and  Ca- 
nada West — flows  a  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  river — and  is  600  miles  long. 

SAGUENAY  R. — Eises  in  the  western  part  of  Canada  East — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence — and  is  400 
miles  long. 

KOKSAK  R. — Eises  in  Lake  Caniapuscaw — in  the  eastern  part  of 
East  Maine — flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  north-westerly  course — 
forming-  the  boundary  between  East  Maine  and  Labrador — and  falls 
into  Ungava  bay — is  500  miles  long. 

GR.  WHALE  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  East  Main — flows  a 
westerly  course,  into  Richmond  gulf —and  is  400  miles  long. 

EAST  MAINE  R. — Eises  in  a  small  lake,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
East  Maine — flows  a  westerly  course  into  James's  bay — and  is  500 
miles  long. 

ABBITIBBE  R.— Rises  in  Abbitibbe  Jake,  in  the  south-western  part 
of  East  Maine — flows  first  a  westerly,  then  a  northerly  course,  into 
James's  bay — and  is  300  miles  long. 

ALBANY  R. — Rises  in  a  small  lake  in  the  interior  part  of  New 
South  Whales,  flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly  course, 
into  James's  bay — and  is  500  miles  long. 

SEVERN  R. — Eises  in  the  interior  part  of  New  South  Wales — 
flows  a  north-easterly  course,  into  Hudson's  Bay — and  is  300  miles 
long. 

NELSON  R. — Is  a  continuation  of  Saskatchawan.  It  flows  a  north- 
easterly course  from  the  northern  part  of  Winnipeg  Lake,  into  Hud- 
son's Bay — and,  including  the  Saskatchawan,  is  1600  miles  long. 

CHURCHILL  R. — Eises  in  the  western  interior  of  British  America — 
flows  a  north-easterly  course,  into  Hudson's  Bay — and  is  900  miles 
long. 

WAGER  R. — Sises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  British  America — 
flows  a  north-easterly  course,  into  an  inlet  of  Hudson's  Bay,  north 
of  Chesterfield  Inlet. 

GR.  FISH  R. — Eises  in  the  northern  part  of  British  America — flows 
first  an  easterly,  then  a  northerly,  and  lastly  an  easterly  course,  into 
the  Gulf  of  Boothia— and  is  600  miles  long. 

FRAZER'S  R. — Eises  in  the  western  part  of  British  America — flows 
first  a  southerly,  then  a  westerly,  course,  into  the  Gulf  of  Georgia — 
and  is  750  miles  long. 

RIVERS  OF  OREGON,  CALIFORNIA,  AND  MEXICO. 

OKANAGAN  R. — Eises  in  the  south-western  part  of  British  America- 
flows  a  southerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  Columbia  river. 


10 

K. — Rises  in  the  western  declivity  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains — in  the  south-western  part  of  British  America — flows  first 
a  south-westerly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  general  westerly 
course.  Is  a  branch  of  Columbia  river. 

CLARK'S  R. — Kises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Oregon  Territory — flows 
a  north-westerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  Columbia  river,  and  is  600 
miles  long. 

KOOSKOOSKEE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Oregon  Territory — 
flows  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  westerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of 
Lewis  river. 

SALMON  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Oregon  Territory — flows 
a  north-westerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  Lewis  river. 

BEAR  R. — Kises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Upper  California — 
flows  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  winding  southerly  course  into  the 
Great  Salt  Lake. 

LEWIS  R. — Rises  in  the  western  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Oregon  Territory — flows  first  a  south-west- 
erly, and  lastly  a  general  north-westerly  course — and  forms  a  junction 
with  the  Columbia  river.  It  is  800  miles  long. 

FALLS  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Oregon  Territory — 
flows  a  general  northerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  Columbia  river. 

WILLAMETTE  R. — Risss  in  the  south-western  part  of  Oregon  Terri- 
tory— flows  a  winding  northerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  Columbia 
river. 

COLUMBIA  R. — Rises  in  the  western  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains— in  the  south-western  part  of  British  America — in  50°  N.  lati- 
tude— flows  a  north-westerly  course  to  near  McGillivray's  Pass,  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  receives  the  Canoe  river.  Here  it  has 
an  elevation  of  3600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  It  now  flows 
first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly,  and  lastly  a 
general  westerly  course  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  is  1200  miles 
long. 

SACRAMENTO  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Oregon  Terri- 
tory— flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly, 
and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course  into  San  Francisco  Bay — and  is 
400  miles  long. 

COLORADO  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  Grande  and  Green  rivers, 
in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Upper  California — flows  a  general  south- 
westerly course  into  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  Is  1100 
miles  long. 

SEVIER  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Upper  California — flows 
first  a  northerly,  then  a  south-easterly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  the 
Colorado  river. 

GILA  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Upper  California — 
flows  a  winding  westerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  the  Colorado  river. 

JAQUESILA  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Upper  California — flows 
a  westerly  course.  Is  a  branch  of  the  Colorado  river. 

YAQCI  R. — Rises  in  the  north  of  the  western  part  of  Mexico — flows 
first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  westerly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Califor- 
nia, and  is  400  miles  long. 

GRANDE  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Mexico — flows  a 
general  north-westerly  course  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Is  400  milea 
long. 


20 

ST.  JUAN  R. — Slows  from  Nicaragua  Lake,  an  easterly  course  into 
the  Caribbean  Sea. 

BALIZE  R. — Sises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Guatemala — flows 
first  a  north-easterly,  then  an  easterly  course — passing  through  the  in- 
terior of  Ralize  into  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 

TULA  R. — Sises  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Mexico — flows  first 
a  northerly,  then  an  easterly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Tampico 
is  situated  on  it. 

Rio  GRANDE. — Rises  among,  the  Eocky  Mountains,  in  the  north-west- 
ern part  of  Texas — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly,  then 
winding  easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico.  Flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, and  is  1800  miles  long. 

MOUNTAINS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

MT.  HECLA. — A  volcanic  mountain  in  the  southern  part  of  Iceland. 
5530  feet  high. 

ARCTIC  HIGHLANDS. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Greenland.  Their 
course  is  north-east  and  south-west. 

ROCKY  Mrs. — Extend  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Russian 
America — the  western  part  of  British  America — and  the  western  part 
of  the  United  States.  Their  course  is  north-west  and  south-east. 
They  are  4000  miles  long. 

SPANISH  PEAKS. — Peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — in  the  north- 
westarn  part  of  Texas — 11,000  feet  high. 

PIKE'S  PEAK. — A  peak  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — in  the  western 
part  of  Indian  Territory — 12,000  feet  high. 

LONG'S  PEAK — A  peak  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — in  the  western 
part  of  Indian  Territory — 12,500  feet  high. 

FREMONT'S  PEAK. — A  peak  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — in  the  south- 
western part  of  Missouri  Territory — 13,570  feet  high. 

MT.  HOOKER  AND  MT.  BROWN. — Peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — 
in  the  south-western  part  of  British  America.  Mt.  Hooker  is  15,700 
feet  high,  and  Mt.  Brown  is  16,000. 

MT.  ST.  ELIAS. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Russian  America — 
the  highest  mountain  in  North  America,  being  17,900  feet  high. 

MT.  FAIR  WEATHER.— In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Russian  Ame- 
rica— south-east  of  Mt.  St.  Elias. 

CASCADE  RANGE. — Extend  through  the  western  part  of  Oregon. 
Their  course  north  and  south. 

MT.  BAKER. — A  peak  of  the  Cascade  range — in  the  north  of  the 
western  part  of  Oregon. 

MT.  OLYMPUS. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Oregon. 

MT.  RANIER. — A  peak  of  the  Cascade  range — in  the  north-western 
interior  of  Oregon — 12,000  feet  high. 

MT.  ST.  HELENS. — A  peak  of  the  Cascade  range — in  the  western 
part  of  Oregon — north  of  Columbia  river — 13,300  feet  high. 

MT  HOOD. — A  peak  of  the  Cascade  range — in  the  western  part  of 
Oregon — south  of  Columbia  river — 14,000  feet  high.  This  peak  can 
be  seen  at  the  distance  of  180  miles. 

MT.  JEFFERSON. — A  peak  of  the  Cascade  range — in  the  western  part 
^f  Oregon. 


21 

MT.  SHASTE. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Upper  California. 

COAST  RANGE. — In  the  western  part  of  Upper  California. 

SIERRA  NEVADA,  OR  THE  SNOWY  R^NGE. — Extends  ^  tJ^p0H|rh  the 
western  parts  of  Upper  and  Lower  Calif(^a— therorjiserttearly  north 
and  south 15,500  feet  high. 

MT.  ST.  BERNARDINO. — A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada — in  the  south- 
western part  of  Upper  California. 

WAHSATCH  MTS. — In  the  eastern  interior  of  Upper  California — 
their  course  north-east  and  south-west. 

MEXICAN  CORDILLERAS. — Extend  through  the  northern  interior  and 
south-eastern  parts  of  Mexico — and  along  the  south-western  coast  of 
Guatemala — their  general  direction  is  north-west  and  south-east. 

MT.  JORULLO. — A  volcanic  mountain  in  the  south-western  part  of 
Mexico,  70  miles  south-west  of  Valladolid,  and  80  miles  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

The  origin  of  this  volcano  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
terrible  and  extraordinary  phenomena  ever  witnessed  in  any  country. 
In  1759,  from  the  midst  of  cultivated  fields  of  sugar-cane  and  indigo, 
a  mountain  arose  in  one  night  1600  feet  above  the  previous  level  of 
the  plain.  Flames  are  said  to  have  issued  from  an  extent  of  more 
than  half  a  square  league — and  from  upwards  of  2000  apertures — 
while  fragments  of  burning  rocks  were  thrown  up  to  a  prodigious 
height,  and  through  a  thick  cloud  of  ashes,  illumined  by  volcanic 
fires,  the  softened  surface  of  the  earth  was  seen  to  swell  like  an 
agitated  sea.  The  plains  of  Jorullo,  even  at  a  great  distance  from 
the  scene  of  the  explosion,  were  rendered  uninhabitable  for  a  long 
time,  in  consequence  of  the  excessive  heat  which  prevailed  in  them. 
Two  rivers  (the  Cuitamba  and  Pedro)  totally  disappeared  on  this 
occasion ;  but  two  new  streams  are  now  seen  bursting  through  the 
argillaceous  vault  of  the  Hornitos,*  having  the  appearance  of  mineral 
waters,  in  which  the  thermometer  rises  to  126°  of  Fahrenheit.  The 
natives  give  these  streams  the  names  of  the  former  rivers.  The  nu- 
merous apertures  of  this  volcanic  mass,  which  is  three  or  four  miles 
in  extent,  continue  still  to  emit  a  thick  vapour,  which  ascends  to  the 
height  of  from  J30  to  50  feet,  and  in  many  of  them  a  subterraneous 
noise  is  heard,  which  appears  to  announce  the  proximity  of  a  fluid 
in  a  state  of  ebullition. 

POPOCATAPETL.— A  volcanic  mountain — in  the  south-eastern  part 
of  Mexico— 17,735  feet  high. 

WATER  VOLCANO. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Guatemala — 
12,620  feet  high.  The  city  of  Old  Guatemala  was  destroyed  in 
1541,  by  enormous  masses  of  water  and  stones,  bursting  forth  from 
this  volcano. 

COSIGUINA. — A  volcanic  mountain,  in  the  southern  part  of  Guate- 
mala. An  eruption  of  this  volcano  occurred  in  18o4,  which  was 
heard  at  the  distance  of  1000  miles,  and  the  ashes  were  carried  to 
Jamaica  Island,  a  distance  of  800  miles. 

*  A  Mexican  word  meaning  ovens,  applied  to  numerous  small  cones,  from 
six  to  nine  feet  in  height. 


22 


CAPES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

C.  BREWSTER. — An  eastern  point  of  Greenland — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

NORTH  C. — A  north-western  point  of  Iceland — extending  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

C.  CLOSTERBAY. — A  southern  point  of  Iceland — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  FAREWELL. — A  southern  point  of  Greenland — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  WALSINGHAM. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Pr.  William's  Land — 
extending  into  Davis's  Strait. 

KING'S  C. — A  south- western  point  of  Pr.  William's  Land — extending 
into  Fox  Channel. 

C.  CHUDLEIGH. — A  northern  point   of    Labrador — extending  into 
Hudson's  Strait. 

C.  ST.  LEWIS. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Labrador — extending  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  ST.  JOHN. — A  northern  point  of  Newfoundland — extending  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  RACE. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Newfoundland — extending  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  SABLE. — A  southern  point  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  a  southern  point 
of  Florida — both  extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  COD. — A  northern  point  of  the  south-eastern  part  of  Massachu- 
setts— extending  into  the -Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  CANNAVERAL. — An  eastern  point  of  Florida — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.    ST.  ANTONIO. — A  south-western  point  of  Cuba — extending  into 
the  Caribbean  Sea. 

C.  GRACIAS  A  Dios. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Guatemala — extending 
into  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

C.  GORDA. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Guatemala — extending  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  CORRIENTES. — A  western  point  of  the  southern  part  of  Mexico — 
extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  ST.  Lucus. — A  southern  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  California — 
extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

MORO  HERMOSO. — A  western  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  California — 
extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  MENDOCINO. — A  north-western  point  of  Upper  California — extend- 
ing into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  ORFORD. — A  south-western  point  of  Oregon — extending  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  ELIZABETH. — A  southern  point  of  Russian  America — extending 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  ROMANZOFF. — A  south-western  point  of  Eussian  America — ex- 
tending into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

EAST  C.— A  north-eastern  point  of  Siberia — extending  into  Behr- 
ingr's  Strait. 

C.  PRINCE  OF  WALES. —  4  western  point  of  Russian  America — ex- 
tending into  IJehrimr's  Strait. 


ICY  0. — A  north-western  point  of  Eussian  America— extending  into 
the  Polar  Sea. 

POINT  BARROW. — A  north-western  point  of  Eussian  America — ex- 
tending into  the  Polar  Sea,  north-east  of  Icy  Cape. 

PT.  BEACHY. — A  northern  point  of  Eussian  America — extending  into 
the  Polar  Sea. 

PT.  DEMARCATION. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Eussian  America — 
extending  into  the  Polar  Sea. 

PT.  DE  WITT  CLINTON. — A  north-western  point  of  British  Ame- 
rica— extending  into  the  Polar  Sea,  east  of  Cape  Bathurst. 

C.  YORK. — A  north-western  point  of  Pr.  William's  Land — extend- 
ing into  Barrow's  Strait. 

C.  KURD. — A  southern  point  of  one  of  the  North  Georgian  Islands — 
extending  into  Barrow's  Strait. 

C.  ROBERTSON. — A  north-western  point  of  Greenland — extending  into 
Smith's  Sound. 

TOWNS. 

GUANAXUATO. — In  the  southern  interior  of  Mexico — north-east  of 
Lake  Chapala,  and  170  miles  north-west  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  It  has 
a  population  of  40,000 — is  situated  on  the  table  land,  6835  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean — and  is  surrounded  by  the  richest  silver  mines 
in  the  world — to  which  it  owes  its  origin  and  present  magnificence. 
These  mines  yielded,  in  a  period  of  about  fifty  years,  upwards  of 
225,000,000  of  Spanish  dollars— being  an  average  of  $4,500,000 
annually. 

QUEBEC. — Is  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Canada  East,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  where  it  receiver  the  St.  Charles, 
and  about  400  miles  from  its  mouth  ;  it  occupies  the  extremity  of  a 
ridge  terminating  at  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  which  rises  about 
340  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  On  the  summit  of  this  pro- 
montory stands  the  citadel,  in  front  of  which  are  the  plains  of  Abra- 
ham— and  the  town  extends  from  it  down  to  the  water's  edge — has 
a  population  of  30,000.  The  commanding  position  of  the  town, 
together  with  the  vast  and  beautiful  harbour,  presents  at  a  distance  a 
picturesque  and  magnificent  view  to  the  approaching  spectator.  Que- 
bec is  so  strongly  fortified  both  by  nature  and  art,  that  it  has  justly 
received  the  name  of  the  Gibraltar  of  America. 

BOUNDARIES. 

The  boundaries  of  countries,  states,  &c.,  should  be  repeated  by 
the  pupils  in  concert,  and  each  one  should,  at  the  same  time,  imagine 
himself,  or  herself,  to  perform  a  journey  around  the  country  or  state 
to  be  bounded,  naming,  in  regular  succession,  the  bodies  of  water  or 
land  which  form  the  boundaries;  and  then  returning  by  the  same 
rout,  the  boundaries  should  be  repeated  with  the  order  reversed, 
thus  : 

NORTH  AMERICA. — Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Polar  Sea;  on 
the  east  and  south-east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  on  the  south  and 
south-west  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  On  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean;  on 


24 

the  south-west  and  south  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico ;  on  the  south-east  and  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  and  on  the 
north  by  the  Polar  Sea.  It  is  connected  with  South  America  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Darian  or  Panama,  which  is  thirty  miles  wide;  and  is 
separated  from  Asia  by  Behring's  Strait,  which  is  forty  miles  wide. 
It  contains  8,000,000  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  35,000,000. 

The  whole  continent  of  America,  after  its  discovery  by  Europeans, 
was  called  "The  New  World." 

The  discovery  was  made  in  1492,  by  Christopher  Columbus,  a 
native  of  Genoa,  at  the  head  of  a  small  squadron,  fitted  out  at  the 
expense  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  sovereigns  of  Castile  and  Arra- 
gon,  in  Spain. 

The  people  who  inhabited  America  at  the  time  of  its  discovery 
were  called  Indians,  because  Columbus  supposed  that  the  country 
he  had  discovered  was  India. 

The  discovery  of  America  excited  a  spirit  of  enterprise  throughout 
the  civilized  world,  unknown  and  unfelt  at  any  time  before,  and 
drew  adventurers  from  all  parts  of  Europe.  In  1497,  John  Cabot, 
and  his  son  Sabastian,  natives  of  Venice,  in  the  service  of  Henry 
VII.  king  of  England,  discovered  North  America,  and  explored  the 
coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida. 

GREENLAND. — Which  comprises  the  north-eastern  division  of 
North  Americans  now  ascertained  to  be  a  vast  island,  and  is  one  of 
the  coldest  and  most  desolate  of  all  the  inhabited  regions  of  the 
globe.  It  belongs  to  the  government  of  Denmark. 

RUSSIAN  AMERICA. — Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Polar  Sea;  on 
the  east  by  British  America;  on  the  south  by  the  Pacific  Ocean;  on 
the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Polar  Sea.  It  is  a  cold,  barren  and 
desolate  region,  inhabited  only  by  a  few  savages,  and  some  small 
companies  of  Russian  settlers,  who  are  chiefly  occupied  in  procuring 
furs. 

BRITISH  AMERICA. — Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Polar  Sea;  on 
the  north-east  and  east  by  Baffin's  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  on  the 
south  by  the  United  States ;  on  the  south-west  and  west  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Russian  America. 

New  Britain  comprises  all  that  part  of  British  America  situated 
north  of  Canada  and  the  United  States ;  and  like  Greenland  and 
Russian  America,  is  a  cold  and  barren  country,  thinly  inhabited  by 
Esquemaux  (es'ke-mo)  Indians  and  other  savages,  whose  chief  em- 
ployment is  hunting  bears,  beaver,  deer,  raccoons,  and  other  animals, 
(valuable  for  their  skins  and  furs,)  which  abound  in  those  regions. 
In  order  to  procure  the  furs  from  the  Indians,  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany have  established  forts  and  trading-houses  in  various  quarters, 
extending  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  northward 
nearly  to  the  Polar  Sea. 

UNITED  STATES. — Is  Bounded  on  the  north  by  British  America  ;  on 
the  east  and  south-east  by  New  Brunswick  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico ;  on  the  south-west 
and  west  by  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS 


ON  THE 


MAP    OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Where  is  the 

Bathurst  I. 

Melville  I. 

Str.  of  Bellisle. 

C.  Cannaveral. 

C.  Brewster. 

G.  of  Georgia. 

Mosquito  B. 

Kodiak  I. 

Tampa  B. 

Corn  Is. 

Davy's  Sound. 

B.  of  Fundy. 

Grand  Bank. 

Snowy  Range  Mts. 

Ottawa  River. 

Great  Salt  L. 

Lancaster  Sd. 

Severn  R. 

Mt.  Hecla. 

East  Main  R. 

Welcome  G. 

C.  Corrientes. 

Bahama  Is. 

Coronation  G. 

C.  St.  Antonio. 

Norton  Sd. 

Pr.  William's  Sound. 

C.  Chudleigh. 

Fox  Channel. 

Gulf  of  California. 

B.  of  Guatemala. 

C.  York. 

Disco  I. 

Green  Bay. 

Green  Bank. 

Anticosti  I. 

Bonair  I. 

Behring's  Strait. 

Ardencaple  Inlet. 

(or  Buen  Ayre.) 

Jamaica  I. 

B.  of  Campeachy. 

Vancouver's  I. 

Guanaxuato  T. 

Richmond  G. 

Gr.  Sandy  Desert. 

(or  Guanajuato.) 

G.  of  Tehuantepec. 

Pr.  Edward's  I. 

Quebec. 

Southampton  I. 

Mt.  St.  Elias. 

L.  Nicaragua. 

L.  Cayman. 

Davis's  Strait. 

Trinidad  I. 

Gut  of  Canseau. 

St.  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Rio  Grande. 

Koksak  R. 

Ungava  B. 

Rocky  Mountains. 

Churchill  R. 

Sitka  I. 

Arctic  Highlands. 

Bermudas  Is. 

LESSONS  ON   THE  MAP 

Iceland. 

Mt.  Hooker. 

OF  THE 

L.  Chapala. 

King's  C. 

UNITED  STATES. 

Norton  Sound. 

Pt.  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Maine,  Augusta  — 

Great  Bear  L. 
I.  of  Pines. 

C.  St.  Lewis. 
Amatique  B. 

New  Hampshire,  Con 
cord. 

San  Francisco  B. 
C.  Walsingham. 

C.  Closterbay. 
Water  Volcano. 

Vermont7,  Montpe'lier. 
Massachusetts,     Bos- 

C. Mendocino. 

Cumberland  Strait. 

ton  — 

C.  Robertson. 

Deer  L. 

Rhode  L,  Providence, 

Chelekhof  L. 

Pt.  Beechey. 

and  Newport. 

(or  Shelekhof.) 

C.  Farewell. 

Connecticut,   Hartford 

Baffin's  B. 

Athabasca  L. 

and  N.  Haven  — 

Q.  Charlotte's  S. 
Sabine  I. 

(or  Athapescow.) 
C.  Elizabeth. 

New  York,  Albany. 
N.  Jersey,  Trenton. 

Ignacio  I. 
Jan  May  en  I. 

C.  Sable. 
C.  St  John. 

Pennsylvania,  Harris- 
burg. 

L.  Mistissinny. 

C.  Gracias  a  Dios. 

Delaware,  Dover. 

Icy  Cape. 
C.  Race. 

Little  Slave  L. 
B.  of  Honduras. 

Maryland,  Annapolis. 
Virginia,  Richmond  — 

Cosiguina  Mt. 

C.  St.  Lucus. 

N.  Carolina,  Raleigh, 

Sable  I. 

C.  Gorda. 

(rau'le.) 

Tule  Lakes. 

Popocatapetl, 

S.    Carolina,    Colum- 

L. Manitoba. 

L.  Caniapuscaw. 

bia—^ 

3 

Georgia,       Mil'ledge-  Chesapeake  B.190  m.l.  St.  Law'rence,  22. 
ville.  Albemarle'  Sd.  60  m.  1.  St.  Fran'cis— 

Florida,Tallahas'see —     and  15  wide.  Missis'que. 

Alabam'a,  Montgome-  New  Inlent.  Lamoile'' 

ry.  Pam'lico  sound,  80  m.  Onion — 

(late  Tuscaloosa.)         1.  and  from  8  to  30  w.  Otter,  6. 

Mississippi,  Jackson- Atlantic  Ocean.  Delaware,  4. 

Louisiana,    (Loo-e-ze-  Gulf  of  Mexico,  1000  Schuylkill,  1£ — 


an'a.)  Baton  Rouge,      m.  1.  800  w. 

(skool'kill.) 

(late  N.  Orleans.)     Chatham  B.  — 

Lehigh. 

Ar^an'sas,  or    Ar'kan-  Charlotte  Har. 

Susquehan'na,  5. 

saw,  Little  Rock.      Tampa  B. 

North  Branch,  3£. 

Tennessee',  Nashville.  Vacas'sar  B.  — 

W.  Branch,  2— 

Kentucky,  Frank'  fort-  Apalachee  B. 

Juniat'a,  2. 

Ohio,  Columbus.           Pensacola  B. 

Shenando'ah,  2. 

Michigan,  Lansing,      Mobile  B.  — 

Poto'mac,  5— 

(late  Detroit.)—        Black  B. 

Rappahan'nock,  2. 

Indiana,  Indianap'olis.  Baratar'ia  B. 

York,  2. 

Illinois,  Springfield  —  Gal'veston  B. 

James,  5  — 

(Il-lin-oi'.)                  Matagorda  B.— 

C  ho-  wan',  2. 

Missouri  (mis-soo'ree,  Espiritu-santo  B. 

Roanoke',  5. 

improperly  pronoun-  Corpus  Christi  Inlet. 

Tar,  2— 

ced  miz-zoo  reA.)        Nueces  B. 

Neuse,  3. 

Jefferson  City. 

C.  Fear,  3£. 

Wisconsin,  Madison-           RIVERS. 

Gr..  Pedee',  4i— 

Iowa,  Iowa  City.           Montreal'. 

Little  Pedee. 

Minesota  Territory,  St.  Ot'tawa. 

Santee',  4£. 

Paul.                           St.  Mau'rice-- 

Wateree'  — 

Missouri  Territory  —     Batis'can. 

Congaree'. 

Oregon  Territory  Ore-  Saguenay. 

Ed'isto,  2. 

gon  City  —                    (sag-a-na'.) 

Savan'nah,  5. 

Indian  Territory.            St.  John's,  4^  — 

Ogee'chee,  2. 

Texas,  Austin  —            St.  Croix, 

(g  hard.) 

N.  Mexico,  Santa  Fe,      (kroi'.) 

Altamaha,  4. 

Upper      Canifornia,  Penob'scot,  3$. 

(aul-ta-ma-hau'.) 

Monterey,                   Kennebeck',  3  — 

Oco'nee,  2£— 

Deseret,                      Androscog'gin,  2£. 

Ocmul'gee,  2^. 

Saco,  1. 

(g  hard.) 

Bodies  of  Water.            (sau'ko.) 

Satil'la,  2^. 

G.  St.  Lawrence.           Piscat'aqua  — 

St.  Mary's  — 

Chaleur  B.                      Mer'rimack,  2. 

St.  John's,  2$. 

Passamaquod'dy  B.  —  Thames, 

Indian. 

Penob'scot  B.                    (temz.) 

Suwan'ee,  3— 

Muscon'gus  B.               Connecticut,  43  — 

Ocklocko'ny,  2. 

Cas'co  B.  —                    Housaton'ic,  1£. 

Appalachico'la,  5-J, 

Massachu'setts  B.         Hudson,  3£. 

(or  Apalachicola.) 

C.  Cod  B.                      Mohawk,  H— 

Flint,  3— 

Vineyard  Sd.  —              Genesee',  1£. 

Chattahoo'chee,  4^. 

Buzzards's  B.                Oswe'go,  1^. 

Choctawhatch'ie,  2. 

Narragan'sett  B             Black,  1^. 

Yellow  Water  — 

L.  I.  Sound—                Sorelle,  (so-relr.) 

Black  Water. 

N.  York  B.                        (called  Chambly  and 

Escam'bia,  2i. 

Delaware  B.  60  1.  20  w.      Kichelieu.'i 

Perdido  — 

Fox. 

Osage',  4$. 

(per-dee'do.  — 

Rock,  3. 

St.  Francis,  4. 

Mobile, 

Wiscon'sin,  4  — 

White  6. 

(mo-beel'.) 

Chip'peway. 

B.  Black,  3— 

Alabam'a,  6. 

Mennom'onie. 

Arkan'sas,  20. 

Tombig'bee,  5  — 

Montreal'  — 

Ne-o'sho. 

(written  also  Tom- 

St.  Lou'is. 

Cimarron— 

bigby,     and     Tom- 

St.  Croix. 

(sim-ar-rone'.) 

beckbe.) 

Rum  — 

Nesuketon'ga. 

Black  War'rior. 

Red,  5. 

N.  Fork. 

Pascagoula,  2£. 

St.  Peter's  3. 

Cana'dian,  9  — 

(pas-ka-goo'la.) 

Upper  Iowa  — 

Washita,  5. 

Pearl,  3£. 

Turkey. 

(wash'e-taw.) 

Bio-  Black,  2£. 

Cedar. 

Red,  12. 

Yazoo',4.  _ 

I'owa,  3£  — 

False  Washita— 

Mississippi,  42  — 

Des  Moines,  4£. 

Sabine,  3£. 

Ohi'o,  13. 

(de-moin'.) 

(sab-een'.) 

Tennessee,  9. 

Salt,  2. 

Angelina, 

Hol'ston,  3— 

Missouri,  29  — 

(an-je-lee'na.) 

Clinch,  2£. 

Sioux,  2. 

Neches,  3  — 

Cumberland,  6. 

(soo.) 

(netsh'ez.) 

Green,  3— 

Au  Jacqua,  4. 

Trinity,  4£. 

Salt. 

White  Earth  — 

San  Jacin'to. 

Kentucky,  3£. 

Porcupine. 

Braz'os,  6£  — 

Lick'ing,  3  — 

William's. 

Colorad'o,  7. 

Big  Sandy,  3— 

Bratton's  — 

San  Saba, 

Kanavvha,  3. 

N.  Mountain  Cr. 

(sah'ba.) 

(kan-aw'wa.) 

Thompson's. 

Guadalupe  — 

Monongahe'la,  3  — 
Allegha'ny,  3£. 

Marias  — 
Dea/born's. 

(gauda-loop'.) 
St.  Anto'nio. 

Beaver. 

Jefferson's. 

Frio,  (free'o.) 

Musking'um,  2£  — 

Madison's  — 

Nueces,  3£  — 

Scio'to,  2$. 

Gal'latin's. 

(noo-a'ses.) 

Miami,  1£. 

Yellow  Stone,  8. 

Rio  del  Norte,  18, 

(mi-am'e.) 

Clark's  Fork. 

(or  Rio  Grande.) 

Maumee'. 

Big  Horn,  6. 

Thames. 

Tongue,  4. 

LAKES, 

Detroit'. 

Little  Missouri,  2$. 

St.  Clair-  — 

Sawarcar'na. 

Temiscou-at'a. 

Monis'tic, 

Shienne. 

Che-sun'cook,  24. 

(or  Manistee.) 
Maske'gon. 
Grand,  2  — 

(she-enn'.) 
Teton',  2£  — 
White,  2. 

Moose'head,  35. 
Um'bagog. 
Winnipiseogee,  22. 

Kalamazoo',  l£f 

Running  Water,  4. 

(win-ne-pis-sok/ke.j 

St.  Joseph's,  2. 

Platte,  10— 

Memphrama'gog,  30- 

Wabash,  5  — 

Loup  Fork. 

St.  Peter. 

(wau'bash.) 

Black. 

St.  John. 

White,  3. 

N.  Fork. 

Temiscam'ing  — 

E.  Fork. 

S.  Fork— 

Chaudiere, 

W.  Fork— 

Kan'zas,  7. 

(sho-de-aii7.) 

Kaskas'kia,  3. 

Republican  Fork. 

Champlain,  120. 

Illinois,  5. 

Solomon's  Fork  — 

(sham-plain'.) 

Sang'amon,  2  — 

Smoky  Hill  F. 

George,  33— 

28 


Oneida,  21, 

Isle  of  Shoals. 

Hudson  R. 

(o-ni'da.) 

Nantuck'et. 

Newburg. 

Skeneateles,  15, 

Martha's  Vineyard  — 

Poughkeepsie. 

(sken-e-at'less.) 

Elizabeth  Is. 

(po-kip'se.) 

Owas'co  — 

No  Man's  Land. 

Catskill. 

Cayuga,  36, 

Rhode. 

Hudson. 

(ka-yoo'gah.) 

Block. 

Albany. 

Seneca,  35. 
Canandaigua,  14— 

Fisher's. 
Gardiner's  — 

Lansingburg. 

(kan-an-da'gua.) 

Long,  120  m.  1. 

Sandy  Hill. 

Chautuaque, 

North  Hero. 

(sha-tau'que.) 

South  Hero. 

Mohawk  R9 

(or  Catauque)  16. 

Grand. 

Rome. 

Onta'rio,  190. 

Manitouline  Isles. 

Utica. 

E'rie,  250. 

Royal. 

Schenectady, 

St.  Glair. 

Apostle  Is.— 

(sken-ek'ta-de. 

Sag-i-naw7  B. 

Herkimer. 

Thunder  B. 

Towns  on  Penobscot  R. 

Whitesboro. 

Hu'ron,  280. 
Manitouline, 

Belfast. 
Prospect. 

Canaj  charge. 

(man-it-oo'lin.) 
Nep'issing  — 
Michigan,  320, 
(mish'e-gun.) 
Green  B.  100. 
Supe'rior,  430. 

Frankfort. 
Bangor. 

Merrimack  R. 
New'berryport. 
Haverhill, 

Genesee  R. 
Genase'o. 
Rochester. 
Angelica. 
Independence. 

Rainy. 
L.  of  the  Woods,  100. 

(ha'ver-ill.) 
Lowell. 

Slack  R. 

Red  — 

Nash'ua. 

Brownsville. 

Spirit. 
St.  Croix,  (kroi.) 
Pe'pin— 
Qui  Parle. 

Manchester. 
Concord. 
Bos'cawen 

Sackett's  Harbour, 
Watertown. 
Martinsburg. 
Turin. 

(kee-parle'.) 
Big  Stone. 

Connecticut  P. 
Han'over. 

Delaware  R* 

Trav'erse. 

Norwich, 

Damascus. 

Elk. 
Ot/tertail. 

(no/rich 
Wind'sor. 

Milford. 
Easton. 

Itas'ca— 

Charlestown. 

Bristol. 

Devil. 
Okecho'bee. 

Rockingnam. 

Wal'pole. 

Philadelphia. 
Chester. 

Borgne, 
(born.) 

Brattleboro. 
Northfield. 

New  Castle  — 
Gloucester, 

Pontchartrain'  — 

Greenfield. 

(glos'ter.) 

Sabine, 

Northampton 

Camden. 

(sab-een'.) 
Saline  — 

Springfield. 
Enfield. 

Burlington. 
Bordentown. 

Windsor  — 

Trenton. 

ISLANDS, 

Hartford. 

Belvidere. 

Grand  Menan'. 

Wethersfield. 

Mt.  Des'ert. 

Middletown. 

Schuylkill  R. 

Fox. 

Chatham, 

Norristown. 

Boon  — 

Haddam. 

Reading. 

m 

Pcttsvilje. 

Lewisburg. 

Tomligbte  R. 

Port  Carbon. 

Neuse  R. 

St.  Stephens. 
Gainesville. 

Lehigh  JR. 

Newbern. 

Columbus. 

Bethlehem. 

Kingston. 

Aberdeen. 

Allentown. 

Waynesborough. 

Mauch  Chunk. 

Smithfield. 

Vfi                   TJ 

White's  Haven. 

iazoo  M. 

Cape  Fear  R. 

W^yatt. 

Susquehanna  R. 
Columbia. 

Fayetteville. 
Elizabeth. 

Ponola. 
Tillatoba. 

Middletown. 

Wilmington. 

Manchester. 

Harrisburg. 
Sunbury  — 

Smithville. 

Mississippi  JR. 

Northumberland. 

Gr.  Pedee  R. 

New  Orleans. 

Danville. 

Rock  ford. 

Donaldsonville. 

Wilksbarre. 

Cheraw. 

Plaquemine, 

Williamsport. 

Georgetown. 

(plak-meen'.) 

Jersey  Shore. 

Baton  Rouge, 

Lock  Haven. 

Savannah  R. 

(bat'un-roozh.) 

Farrandsville. 

Savannah. 

Vidaiia— 

Augusta. 

Natchez. 

Juniata  R. 

Hamburg. 

Grand  Gulf. 

Mifflin. 

Vicksburg. 

Lewistown. 

Mamaha  R. 

Providence. 

Huntingdon. 

Darien. 

Princeton  — 

Hollidaysburg. 

Dublin. 

Columbia. 

Milledgeville. 

Bolivia. 

Potomac  R. 

Macon. 

Helena. 

Georgetown. 
Washington. 

Hawkinsville. 
Jacksonville. 

Peyton  — 
Memphis. 

Alexandria. 

Reidsville. 

Randolph. 

Harper's  Ferry. 

Osceo'la. 

Cumberland. 

Flint  R. 

New  Madrid  — 

Bainbridge. 

St.  Genevieve, 

Rappahannock  R. 

Newton. 

(  jen-e-veev'.) 

TIrbanna. 

Hamburg. 

Hercula'neum. 

Tappahannock. 

Knoxville. 

St.  Louis. 

Fredericksburg. 

Alton. 

Chattahoochee  R. 

(aul'tun.) 

Roanoke  R. 

Franklin. 

Quincy. 

Plymouth. 

West  Point. 

Warsaw  — 

Williamston. 

Columbus. 

Nauvoo'. 

Halifax. 

Liverpool. 

Madison. 

Blakely. 
Weldon. 

Alabama  R. 

Burlington. 
Bloomington. 

Gaston. 

Claiborne. 

Stephenson. 

Milton. 

Montgomery. 

Davenport. 

Wetumpka. 

Camanche,. 

TarR. 

Rome  — 

(kah-man'chy.) 

Tarboro. 

Canton. 

Du  Buque, 

Greenville. 
Washington. 

Jefferson. 
Cahawba. 

(du-book7,)  (ooasin 
Cassville.        [moon.) 

3* 

Prairie  la  Porte-'-.-   „.« 

Pe*rrysburg. 

B  oliver. 

Prairie  du  Chien, 

Savannah. 

(pra're-du-she-an'.) 

Florence. 
Tuscumbia  — 

Scioto  R. 
Portsmouth. 

Ohio  R. 

Decatur. 

Piketon. 

Pittsburg. 

Dallas. 

Chilicothe. 

Alleghany. 

Washington. 

Circleville. 

Birmingham. 

Knoxvilie. 

Columbus. 

Beaver. 

Clinton. 

Delaware. 

Steubenville  — 
Wellsburg. 
Wheeling. 
Marietta. 

Kingston. 

Cumberland  R. 
Smithland. 

Miami  R. 
Hamilton. 
Dayton. 

Parksburg. 
Point  Pleasant. 

Dover. 
Clarksville. 

Springfield. 
Troy— 

Gallipolis  — 
(gal-le-po-leece'.) 
Barboursville. 

Nashville. 
Carthage  — 
Gainesborough. 

Urbanna. 
Bellefonte. 
Sidney. 

Burlington. 

Burksville. 

f"1     nmA     ft 

Catletsburg. 
Greenupburg. 
Portsmouth. 

Jamestown. 
Barboursville. 

ijrrana  xi. 
Grand  Haven. 
Grand  Rapids. 

Maysville  — 
Augusta. 

Green  R. 
Greensburg. 

Ionia. 
Lansing. 

Newport. 
Covington. 
Cincinnati. 

Brownsville. 
Bowling  Green. 
Morgantown. 

St.  Joseph's  R. 
St.  Joseph. 
Berrien. 

Lawrenceburg  — 

Niles. 

Vevay. 

Kentucky  R. 

South  Bend. 

Carrolton. 

Manchester. 

Centreville. 

Madison. 

Proctor. 

Jeffersonville. 

Frankfort. 

Walash  R. 

New  Albany  — 

Carrolton. 

(wau'bash.) 

Louisville. 
Brandenburg. 

Licking  R. 

Huntington. 
Wabash. 

Fredonia. 

West  Liberty. 

Peru'. 

Rome  — 
Hawsville. 

Falmouth. 
Covington. 

Lo'gansport. 
Del'phi. 

Rockport. 

Newport. 

Lafayette, 

Owenboro. 

(lah'fa-yett.) 

Evansville. 
Henderson. 

Big  Sandy  R. 
Piketon. 

Williamsport. 
Covington. 

Mt.  Vernon. 

Paintville. 

New'port  — 

Shawneetown  — 

Louisa. 

Terre  Haute. 

Elizabethtown. 

Catletsburg. 

Vincennes, 

Gelconda. 

(vin-senz'  ) 

Smithland. 

Muskingum  R. 

Mount  Carmel— 

Paducah. 

Marietta. 

Caledonia. 

McConnelsville. 

Kaskaskia  R. 

Cairo  — 

Zanesville. 

Kaskaskia. 

Coshocton. 

Carlyle. 

Tennessee  R. 

Millersburg. 

Vandalia. 

Reynoldsburgh. 

New  Philadelphia. 

ShelbyvilU. 

-  \ 

* 

.;,y^ 

Missouri  R. 

San  Felipe. 

Mhu    lAfiS  Can*' 

Liberty. 

Washington. 

Cleaveland. 

Independence 

Nashville. 

Cuyahoga  Falls. 

Lexington. 

Akron. 

Franklin. 

Colorado  R. 

Bolivar. 

Boonville  — 

Austin. 

New  Philadelphia 

Nashville. 

Bastrop. 

Coshacton. 

Marion. 

La  Grange. 

Newark. 

Herman. 

Columbus. 

Circleville. 

Portland. 

Matagorda. 

Chillicothe. 

St.  Charles. 

Piketon. 

Michigan  L. 

Portsmouth. 

Osage  R. 

Manitouwoc, 

Osceo'la. 

(man-e-too-wok'.) 

Maumee  R. 

Clinton. 

Sheboy'gan,     (written 

Fort  Wayne. 

Warsaw. 

also  Cheboygan.) 

Defiance. 

Erie. 

Washington. 

Napoleon. 

Tuscumbia. 

Milwau'kie, 

Perrysburg. 

(or  Milwaukee.) 

Toledo. 

Arkansas  R. 
Van  Buren. 

Racine  — 
(ras-seen'.) 

National  Road. 

Ozark. 

Chicago, 

Cumberland. 

Dardanelle. 
Lewisburg  — 
Little  Rock. 
Pine  Bluffs. 

(she-kau'go.) 
Michigan  City. 
New  Buffalo. 
South  Haven  — 

Uniontown. 
Brownsville. 
Washington. 
Wheeling  — 

St.  Clairsville. 

Napoleon. 

L.  Erie. 
Sandusky  City. 

Cambridge. 
Zanesville. 

Huron. 

Columbus. 

Red  R. 

Raleigh. 
Jonesborough. 

Ohio  City. 
Cleveland. 
Painsville  — 

Springfield  — 
Centreville. 
Greenfield. 

De  Kalb. 

Erie. 

Indianapolis. 

Fulton. 

Dunkirk. 

Terre  Haute  — 

La  Grange. 

Buffalo. 

Marshall. 

Shreveport. 
Natchitoches, 

Black  Rock- 

Ewington. 
Vanrlalia 

(nak-e-tush'.) 

er  ie  Canal 

V  (1I1U  all  u  • 

Greenville. 

Alexandria. 

Baffalo. 

St.  Louis. 

Warrenton. 

Black  Rock. 

Lockport. 

Promiscuous   ITwn* 

Trinity  R. 

Albion. 

Bennington. 

Liberty. 

Rochester. 

Lexington. 

Swartwout. 

Lyons. 

New  Bedford. 

Cincinnati. 

Syracuse. 

New  London. 

Alabama. 

Rome. 

Norwich. 

Fenton. 

Whitesboro— 

Stoninglon  — 

Dallas  — 

Utica. 

Brooklyn. 

Herkimer. 

Wilmington,  Del. 

Brazos  R. 

Canajoharie. 

Baltimore. 

Brazoria. 

Schenectady. 

Norfolk. 

Richmond. 

Albany. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

St.  Augustine. 
Houston. 

MOUNTAINS, 

Mars  Hill. 
Mr..  Katiih'din. 
White  Mountains — 
Mt.  Washington,  6234 

f.  h. 

Green  Mts. 
Wachu'sett  Mt. — 
Mt.  Ho'lyoke. 
Mt.  Tom. 
Mohe'g-an  Mts. — 
Mt.  Marty,  5300  f.  h. 
Cat'skill  Mts.  3800. 
Blue  Mts.— 
Blue  Rid o-e. 
Black  Mt.  (1476  f.  h. 
Allegheny  Mts. 900m. 

1.  $  m.  h. — 
Cumberland  Mts. 2000 
Ozark'  Mts.  20:K)  f.  h. 
Rocky  Mts.  4000  rn.l. 
Spanish  Peaks. 
Green  Mts. 


Pike's    Peak,   1200  f. 

h.— 

Three  Parks. 
Long's  Peak,  12,000. 
Black  Hills- 
Rock  Independence. 
Red  Buttes. 
Wind  River  Mts.— 
Fre'mont's  Peak,  13,- 

570. 

Guadalupe  Mts. 
High  Peak,  600  f.  h. 
Pilot  Knob. 
Iron  Mountains. 
Pictured  Rocks — 

CAPES, 

Ann. 

Cod. 

Malabar'— 

May. 

Henlo'pen. 

Charles — 

Henry. 

Hatteras. 

Lookout — 


Fear. 

Cannav'eral. 
Florida — 
Sable. 
Romans. 
St.  Bias. 
Roxo. 
Desconocida, 

(des-ko-no-see'dah.) 
Catoche — 

(kah-to'tsha.) 
Hondu'ras. 
Gracias  a  Dios. 
Gorda — 
Corrien'tes. 
Pal'ma. 
St.  Lu'cas — 
Morro  Hermo'so,  ("often 

improperly     written 

More.) 
Pt.  George. 
Mendocino. 
Orford — 
Foulweather. 
Flattery — 


ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 

*• 

ON  THE 

MAP    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


GULFS,  BAYS,  &c. 

CHALEUR. — In  the  eastern  part  of  New  Brunswick — a  part  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

'  PASSAMAQUODDY  B. — Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Maine  and 
the  south-western  part  of  New  Brunswick — a  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  St.  Croix  river  flows  into  it. 

PENOBSCOT  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Maine — a  part  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Penobscot  river  flows  into  it. 

MUSCONGUS. — In  the  southern  part  of  Maine — between  Penobscot 
and  Casco  Bays — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

CASCO  B. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Maine — a  part  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Portland,  the  largest  town  in  Maine,  is  situated  on 
it— has  a  poplatiorn  of  15,000. 


33 

MASSACHUSETTS  B. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Massachusetts — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  city  of  Boston  is  situated  on  a  peninsula 
in  this  bay — has  a  population  of  120,000  and  one  of  the  best  harbours 
in  the  United  States. 

CAPE  COD  B. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Massachusetts — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

VINE  YARD  SOUND— Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Massachusetts 
and  the  Island  of  Maitha's  Vineyard — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

BUZZARD'S  B. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Massachusetts — north- 
west of  Vinyard  Sound — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  town 
of  New  Bedford  is  Situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  15,000.  The 
inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery. 

NARRAGANSFTT  B. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Rhode  Island — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 28  miles  long,  and  from  3  to  12  miles  wide. 

LONG  ISLAND  SOUND. — South  of  Connecticut,  and  north  of  Long 
Island  —a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 120  miles  long.  The  Thames, 
Connecticut,  and  Housatonic  rivers  How  into  it. 

NEW  YORK  B. — Between  the  western  end  of  Long  Island,  and 
Staten  Island — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Hudson  river  flows 
into  it. 

DELAWARE  BAY. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  Delaware  and  the 
southern  part  of  New  Jersey — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 60 
miles  long,  and  20  wide.  The  Delaware  river  flows  into  it. 

CHESAPEAKE  BAY. — Divides  Maryland,  and  also  the  eastern  part  of 
Virginia — is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  190  miles  long. 
The  Susquehanna,  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  York,  and  James  rivers 
flow  into  it. 

ALBEMARLE  SOUND. — In  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — it  is  60  miles  long,  and  15  wide.  Chowan 
and  Roanoke  rivers  flow  into  it. 

PAMLICO  SOUND. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  North  Carolina — a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — is  80  rniies  long,  and  from  8  to  30  wide. 
The  Tar  and  Neuse  rivers  flow  into  it. 

NEW  INLET. — In  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina — connecting 
the  waters  of  Albermarle  and  Pamlico  Sounds  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

GULF  OF  MEXICO. — Borders  on  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States 
and  the  eastern  part  of  Mexico — having  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mex- 
ico, Yucatan,  Cuba,  and  Florida  on  the  south  and  east — is  1000 
miles  long,  and  800  wide.  The  Suwanee,  Ocklockony,  Apalachi- 
cola,  Choctawhatche,  Yellow  Water,  Black  Water,  Escambia,  Per- 
dido,  Mobile,  Pascagoula,  Pearl,  Mississippi,  Mermentau,  Calcasieu, 
Sabine,  Ketches,  Trinity,  San  Jacinto,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Guada- 
lupe,  Nueces,  and  the  Rio  Grande  rivers  flow  into  it. 

CHATHAM  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Florida — a  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

CHARLOTTE  HARBOUR. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Florida — a 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

TAMPA  BAY. — In  the  western  part  of  Florida — a  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

VACASSAR  B. — In  the  western  part  of  Florida — a  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  Suwanee  river  flows  into  it. 

APALACHEE  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  the  north-western  part  of 


34 

Florida — part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Ocklockony  and  Oscilla  riven 
flow  into  it. 

PENSACOLA  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  the  north-western  part  of 
Florida — a  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico— the  town  of  Pensacola  is 
situated  on  it.  Escambia,  Black,  and  Yellow  Water  rivers  flow 
into  it. 

MOBILE  B. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Alabama — a  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Mobile  river  flows  into  it,  and  the  towns  of 
Mobile  and  Blakely  are  situated  on  it. 

BLACK  B. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Louisiana — a  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico, 

BARATARIA  B. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Louisiana — south-west 
of  Black  Bay — is  a  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

GALVESTON  B. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Texas — a  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Trinity  and  San  Jacinto  rivers  flow  into  it. 

MATAGORDA  B. — In  the  south  of  the  eastern  part  of  Texas — a  part 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

ESPIRITU  SANTO  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Texas — a  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Guadalupe  river  flows  into  it. 

CORPUS  CHRISTI  INLET. — In  the  southern  part  of  Texas — connect- 
ing the  waters  of  Nueces  Bay  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

NUECES  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Texas,  south  of  Espiritu  Santo 
Bay,  is  a  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Nueces  river  flows  into  it, 
and  the  town  of  Corpus  Christi  is  situated  on  it. 

RIVERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ST.  JOHN'S  R. — Formed  by  the  north-west  and  south-west  branches?, 
in  the  north-western  part  of  Maine — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then 
a  south-easterly  course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Maine 
and  Canada  East — passing  through  the  south-western  part  of  New 
Brunswick  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy — and  is  450  miles  long. 

ST.  CROIX  R. — Forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and 
New  Brunswick — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  Passamaquoddy 
Bay,  and  is  100  miles  long. 

PENOBSCOT  R. — Rises  in  the  highlands  in  the  western  part  of 
Maine — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  northerly,  then  a  south-easterly, 
and  lastly,  a  southerly  course  into  Penobscot  Bay — and  is  350  miles 
long.  The  towns  B.,  P.,  F.,  and  B.  are  situated  on  it. 

KENNEBECK  R. — Flows  from  Moosehead  Lake,  in  the  western  interior 
of  Maine,  a  winding  southerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and 
is  300  miles  long. 

ANDROSCOGGIN  R. — Flows  from  Umbagog  Lake,  in  the  western 
part  of  Maine,  first  a  westerly,  then  a  southerly,  then  an  easterly, 
and  lastly,  a  southerly  course,  and  forms  a  junction  with  the  Kenne- 
beck  river,  in  Merry  Meeting  Bay,  18  miles  from  the  Ocean.  It  is 
250  miles  long. 

SACO  R. — Sises  in  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  in  the  north- 
ern interior  of  New  Hampshire — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a  south- 
easterly course,  through  the  south-western  part  of  Maine  into  Saco 
Bay — is  100  miles  long.  The  town  of  Saco  is  situated  on  it,  six 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  a  population  of  4500. 

PISCATAQUA  R. — Forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and 


35 

New  Hampshire — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

MERRIMACK  R. — Eises  in  the  northern  interior  of  New  Hampshire, 
flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  north-easterly  course  through  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Massachusetts  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — is  200  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  N.  P.,  H.,  L.,  N.,  M.,  C.,  and  B.  are  situated 
on  it. 

THAMES  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Massachusetts — flows 
first  a  winding  easterly,  then  a  southerly  course  through  the  eastern 
part  of  Connecticut  into  Long  island  Sound.  New  London  and  Nor- 
wich are  situated  on  it. 

CONNECTICUT  R. — Eises  in  the  Connecticut  Lake,  in  the  northern 
part  of  New  Hampshire — flows  first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly, 
and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course,  forming  the  boundary  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  passing  through  the  western  part  of 
Massachusetts,  arid  through  Connecticut  into  Long  Island  Sound — 
is  450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  H.,  N.,  W.  C.,  R.  W.,  B.,  N., 
G.,  N.,  S.,  E.,  W.,  H.,  W.,  M.,  C.,  and  H.  are  situated  on  it. 

HOUSATONIC  R. — Eises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Massachusetts — 
flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-easterly  course — passing  through 
the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  into  Long  Island 
Sound — is  150  miles  long. 

HUDSON  R. — Sises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  New  York — 
flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly, 
and  lastly,  a  southerly  course — passing  through  the  eastern  part 
of  the  State — forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  New  York  and 
New  Jersey—flows  into  New  York  Bay,  and  is  350  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  N.,  P.,  C.,  H.,  A.,  L.,  T.,  and  S.  are  situated  on  it. 
The  city  of  New  York  is  situated  on  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Hudson  and  East  rivers,  18  miles  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  It  has  a  population  of  371,000 — is  the  largest  city  in  the 
United  States,  and  next  to  London,  the  greatest  commercial  city  in 
the  world.  It  is  generally  admitted,  that  the  scenery  on  the  Hud- 
son is  unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  other  river  in  the  world.  The 
passage  through  the  highlands,  53  miles  above  the  city  of  New 
York,  where  mountains  more  than  1400  feet  high,  come  down  to 
the  very  margin  of  the  river,  affords  a  prospect  of  unrivalled  beauty 
and  grandeur.  The  Palisades  near  the  city  of  New  York,  are 
scarcely  less  striking.  The  waters  of  this  river  were  the  theatre  of 
the  first  successful  attempt  to  propel  vessels  by  steam.  This  at- 
tempt was  made  is  1807,  by  Fulton  and  Livingston,  and  now  more 
than  twenty  steamboats  ply  regularly  between  the  cities  of  New 
York  and  Albany. 

MOHAWK  R. — Sises  in  the  interior  part  of  New  Y^ork — flows  a 
south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  is  150 
miles  long.  The  towns  of  R.,  U.,  S.,  H.,  W.,  and  C.  are  situated 
on  it.  About  60  miles  from  its  source,  are  the  Little  falls,  42  feet 
high.  Two  miles  from  its  mouth,  are  the  Cahoos  falls,  where  the 
river  descends  70  feet  perpendicularly — presenting,  in  time  of  high 
water,  a  grand  and  interesting  spectacle. 

GENESEE  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Pennsylvania — flows 
a  northerly  course  through  the  western  part  of  New  Yrork  into  Lake 
Ontario — is  150  miles  long.  The  towns  of  G.,  R.,  A.,  and  I.  are 


80 

situated  on  it.  In  the  northern  part  of  Alleghany  county  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  the  river  descends  274  feet  in  the  space  of  two  miles; 
principally  by  three  perpendicular  falls;  one  60,  one  90,  and  one 
110  feet.  The  hills  approach  near  the  river,  being  separated  only  by 
a  chasm,  where  the  banks  rise  perpendicularly  400  feet  for  the  dis- 
tance of  three  miles;  to  this  depth  the  river  has  worn  its  bed  in  the 
solid  rock,  in  turns  as  short  and  graceful,  as  if  winding  through  the 
softest  meadow.  The  passage  through  this  gorge  is  not  less  as  an 
object  of  interest  and  curiosity,  than  its  high  falls.  The  fall  of  the 
river,  between  the  city  of  Rochester  and  the  lake,  is  271  feet — 
268  of  which  are  within  the  limits  of  the  city.  There  are  three 
perpendicular  falls,  and  two  rapids.  The  height  of  the  Falls,  in 
order,  is  96,  20,  and  105  feet;  these  afford  a  vast  amount  of  water 
power.  The  flour  mills  here  are  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  others 
in  the  world. 

OSWEGO  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of  New  York — flows 
first  a  northerly,  then  an  easterly,  and  lastly,  a  north-westerly  course 
into  Lake  Ontario — is  150  miles  long.  The  town  of  Oswego  is  situ- 
ated at  its  mouth. 

BLACK  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  New  York — flows  a 
general  north-westerly  course  into  Lake  Ontario — is  150  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  S.,  B.,  W.,  M.,  and  T.  are  situated  on  it. 

SORELLE  R. — Flows  from  Lake  Champlain,  a  northerly  course,  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

ST.  LAWRENCE  R. — Taken  in  connexion  with  the  great  chain  of 
western  lakes,  of  which  it  forms  the  outlet,  may  be  said  to  rise  at  the 
source  of  the  St.  Louis  river,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Su- 
perior— from  Lake  Ontario  it  flows  a  north-easterly  course  into  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Its  whole  length,  including  the  Lakes,  is 
2200  miles. 

ST.  FRANCIS  R. — Forms  the  outlet  of  Memphramagog  Lake — from 
which  it  flows  a  north-westerly  course  into  St.  Lawrence  river — is 
200  miles  long. 

MISSISQUE  R. — Sises  in  the  northern  part  of  Vermont — flows  a  very 
winding  westerly  course  into  Lake  Cham  plain, 

LAMOILLE  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Vermont — flows 
a  westerly  course  into  Lake  Champlain. 

ONION  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Vermont — flows  first  a  south- 
westerly, then  a  north-westerly  course  into  Lake  Champlain.  Mont 
pelier,  the  capital  of  Vermont,  is  situated  on  its  right  bank,  has  a 
population  of  4000. 

OTTER  CREEK. — Rises  in  the  south-western  interior  of  Vermont — 
flows  a  north-westerly  course  into  Lake  Champlain.  The  towns  of 
R.,  B.,  M.,  and  N.  H.  are  situated  on  it. 

DELAWARE  R. — Rises  in  the  western  declivity  of  the  Catskill 
mountains,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  New  York,  in  42°  45'  N. 
latitude,  or  2960  miles  north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  1886 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean — flows  alternately  a  south-west- 
erly and  a  south-easterly  course — its  general  course  being  south. 
Forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  New  York  and  Pennsylva- 
nia— the  boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey — and 
part  of  the  boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  and  flows 
into  Delaware  Bay — is  400  miles  long.  The  towns  of  D.,  M.,  E., 


37 

B.,  P.,  C.,  and  N.  C.  are  situated  on  its  right  bank.  G.,  C.,  B., 
B.,  T.,  and  B.  on  its  left  bank.  A  short  distance  above  Belvidere, 
the  river  passes  through  the  Blue  Mountains,  by  what  is  called  the 
Water  Gap,  which  is  regarded  as  a  great  curiosity.  The  distance 
through  the  mountains  is  two  miles,  and  the  banks  rise  precipi- 
tously from  the  water's  edge,  in  rugged  and  lofty  walls,  to  the 
height  of  1600  feet,  leaving  at  the  south-eastern  entrance,  barely 
room  for  a  road,  which  is  overhung  by  immense  masses  of  craggy 
rock. 

SCHUYLKILL  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania — flows  a 
south-easterly  course,  and  forms  a  junction  with  the  Delaware  river, 
six  miles  below  Philadelphia — is  150  miles  long.  N.,  R.,  P.,  and 
P.  are  situated  on  it. 

LEHIGH  R. — Sises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania — flows  first  a 
south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  De- 
laware river.  The  towns  of  B.,  A.,  M.  C.,  and  W.  H.  are  situated 
on  it. 

SUSQUEHANNA  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  north  and  west 
branches  which  unite  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Pennsylvania — flows 
first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  head  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Maryland,  and  is  500  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  C.,  M.,  H.,  S.  N.,  D.,  W.,  W.,  and  J.  L.,  F. 
are  situated  on  it.  The  scenery  along  the  banks  of  this  river  is  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  varied  character. 

NORTH  BRANCH. — Eises  in  the  interior  part  of  New  York — flows 
first  a  southerly,  then  a  winding  westerly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and 
lastly,  a  south-westerly  course,  and  unites  with  the  West  Branch  in 
the  eastern  interior  of  Pennsylvania — is  J350  miles  long. 

WEST  BRANCH. — Sises  in  the  western  interior  of  Pennsylvania — 
flows  first  a  winding  easterly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course — and 
unites  with  the  North  Branch — is  200  miles  long. 

J  UNI  ATA  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Eaystown  and  Franks- 
town  branches,  in  the  southern  interior  of  Pennsylvania — flows  a 
winding  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Susquehanna  river,  and  is 
200  miles  long.  The  towns  of  M.,  L.,  H.,  and  H.  are  situated  on  it. 

SHENANDOAH  R. — Eises  in  the  interior  part  of  Virginia — flows  a 
north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Potomac  river — and  is  200 
miles  long. 

POTOMAC  R. — Taking  the  South  Branch,  rises  on  the  north-western 
declivity  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  the  northern  interior  of 
Virginia — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course, 
forming  with  the  North  Branch,  most  of  the  boundary  between  Mary- 
land and  Virginia — flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  is  500  miles 
long.  Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  G.  and  C.  are 
situated  on  its  left  bank.  A.  and  H.  F.  on  its  right.  The  passage 
of  this  river  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  Harper's  Ferry,  forms  a 
grand  and  picturesque  scenery,  a  view  of  which,  Mr.  Jefferson  pro- 
nounces worth  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

RAPPAHANNOCK  R. — Eises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Virginia — 
flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  is  200  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  U.,  T.,  and  F.  are  situated  on  it. 

YORK  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Virginia — flows  a  south- 
easterly course  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  is  200  miles  long.  York- 


town,  celebrated  for  the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwaliis  and  his  armyT 
19th  of  October,  1781,  is  situated  near  its  mouth. 

JAMES  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  Cow  Pasture  and  Jackson's 
rivers,  in  the  southern  interior  of  Virginia — flows  first  a  south-east- 
erly, then  a  north-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course,  into 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  is  500  miles  long.  Richmond,  the  capital  of 
Virginia,  is  situated  on  its  left  bank,  has  a  population  of  20,000. 
Linchburg,  on  its  right  bank,  has  a  population  of  6000.  The  natu- 
ral b-ridge  over  Cedar  Creek,  a  branch  of  this  river,  is  regarded  as  a 
great  curiosity.  It  consists  of  an  arch  of  rock,  90  feet  long,  80  feet 
wide,  and  40  feet  thick,  extending  over  a  chasm  250  feet  deep,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  the  creek  flows. 

CHOW  AN  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Notaway  and  Meher- 
rin  rivers,  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  North  Carolina — flows  a  south- 
easterly course  into  Albermarle  Sound,  and  is  200  miles  long. 

ROANOKE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Dan  and  Staunton 
rivers,  in  the  south  of  the  eastern  part  of  Virginia — flows  a  south- 
easterly course  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  North  Carolina,  into 
Albermarle  Sound — is  500  miles  long.  The  towns  of  P.,  W.,  H., 
B.,  W.,  G.,  and  M.  are  situated  on  it.  Twelve  miles  above  Halifax 
commence  the  great  falls,  the  river  having  a  descent  of  100  feet  in 
the  distance  of  12  miles. 

TAR  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  North  Carolina — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  Pamlico  Sound,  and  is  200  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  T.,  G.,  W.,  and  L.  are  situated  on  it. 

NEUSE  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  North  Carolina — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  Pamlico  Sound,  and  is  300  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  N.,  K.,  W.,  and  S.  are  situated  on^it. 

CAPE  FEAR  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  North  Carolina — flows 
a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  350  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  F.,  E.,  W.,  and  S.  are  situated  on  it. 

GREAT  PEDEE  R. — Rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  in  the 
north-western  part  of  North  Carolina — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a 
south-easterly  course,  passing  through  the  eastern  part  of  South  Caro- 
lina into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — is  450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  R., 
C.,  and  G.  are  situated  on  it. 

LITTLE  PEDEE  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  North  Carolina — 
flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
the  Great  Pedee. 

SANTEE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and  Conga- 
ree,  in  the  interior  part  of  South  Carolina — flows  a  south-easterly 
course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  450  miles  long. 

EDISTO  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of  South  Carolina — 
flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  200 
miles  long. 

SAVANNAH  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tugaloo  and  Seneca 
rivers,  in  the  north-western  part  of  South  Carolina — flows  a  south- 
easterly course — forming  the  boundary  between  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia — flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  500  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  S.  and  A.  are  situated  on  its  right  bank,  and  H.  on 
its  left. 

In  the  Tockoa  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Tugaloo,  just  before  it 
unites  with  that  river,  150  miles  north-west  of  Augusta,  there  is  a 


39 

perpendicular  fall  of  186  feet,  called  the  Fall  of  Tockoa.  This  fall 
is  surrounded  by  no  wild  scenery.  The  rivulet,  disturbed  by  no 
rapids,  moves  with  a  gentle  current,  and  drops  without  warning  into 
a  beautiful  basin  below,  expanding1  into  fine  rain  before  it  reaches 
the  bottom.  The  breeze,  which  always  plays  here,  spreads  a  thick 
spray  around  and  ornaments  the  falling  water,  the  rocks  and  the 
shrubbery  with  rainbows.  The  Tallula  river,  which  unites  with  the 
Chataoga  and  forms  the  Tugaloo,  is  40  yards  in  width,  10  miles 
above  their  junction  ;  it  is  then  forced  for  a  rnile  and  a  fourth, 
through  a  range  of  mountains  into  a  channel  scarcely  20  feet  in 
width.  The  mountain  receives  the  water  into  a  broad  basin,  sur- 
rounded by  solid  rock  100  feet  in  height.  Here  the  stream  pauses  in 
anticipation  of  the  gulf  below;  then  rushes  down  a  cataract  40  feet, 
then  hurrying  through  a  narrow  winding  passage,  dashing  from  side 
to  side  against  the  precipice,  and  repeatedly  turning  at  right  an- 
gles, is  precipitated  100  feet,  and  in  a  moment  after,  50  feet  more, 
and  then,  making  many  short  turns,  it  rushes  down  three  or  four 
falls  of  20  and  10  feet.  The  sum  of  the  falls  in  the  distance  o,  a 
mile  is  estimated  at  350  feet. 

These  rapidsr  however  splendid,  apart  from  the  sublimity  with 
which  they  are  surrounded,  are  only  an  appendage  to  the  stupendous 
banks  of  solid  rock  descending  almost  perpendicularly  to  the  water 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  varying  in  the  distance  of  a  mile, 
from  700  to  1000  feet  in  height,  so  that  the  stream  literally  passes 
in  that  distance  through  the  mountains,  or  rather  through  the  high- 
lands that  connect  two  mountains. 

Mud  Creek  Falls  is  25  miles  north  of  Tallulah.  The  whole  fall 
of  the  cataract  is  280  feet,  and  the  effect  is  eminently  interesting. 

"Those  only,"  says  the  North  American  tourist,  "who  have 
visited  and  contemplated  this  interesting  section  of  our  country,  can 
justly  appreciate  the  beauty  and  magnificence,  and  the  wildness  and 
sublimity  of  the  natural  scenery  around  the  southern  termination  of 
the  Blue  Ridge.  There  are  many  rich  scenes,  whose  unknown  and 
heretofore  unfrequented  recesses  have  never  yet  been  described, 
along  the  western  and  mountainous  border  of  the  Carolinas  and 
Georgia." 

OGEECHEE  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Georgia— rflows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  200  miles  long 

ALTAMAHA  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee 
rivers,  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Georgia — flows  a  south-easterly 
course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  400  miles  lonor.  The  towns  of 
D.,  D.,  M.,  M.,  H.,  J.,  and  R.  are  situated  on  it  and  its  head  branches, 
each  of  which  is  250  miles  long — and  also,  flows  a  south-easterly 
direction. 

SATILLA  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Georgia — flows  first 
an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  and  lastly,  an  easterly  course  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  250  miles  long. 

ST.  MARY'S  R. — Forms  the  boundary  between  the  south-eastern  part 
of  Georgia,  and  the  north-eastern  part  of  Florida — and  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

ST.  JOHN'S  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Forida — flows  first  a 
winding-  north-westerly,  then  a  northerly,  and  lastly,  an  easterly  course 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  250  miles  long. 


40 

INDIAN  R. — This  is  rather  an  estuary  opening  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  towards  the  south-eastern  part  of  Florida. 

SUWANEE  R. — Bises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Georgia — flows  first 
a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course,  through  the  northern  part 
of  Florida,  into  Vacassar  Bay — and  is  300  miles  long. 

OCKLOCKONY  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Georgia — flows 
south-east,  south-west,  and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course — passing 
through  the  north-western  part  of  Florida  into  Apalachee  Bay — and 
is  200  miles  long. 

APPALACHICOLA  R. — formed  by  the  junction  of  Chattahoochee  and 
Flint  rivers,  in  the  south-western  part  of  Georgia — flows  a  southerly 
course  through  the  north-western  part  of  Florida  into  Apalachee 
Bay — is  550  miles  long,  including,  of  course,  the  longest  branch 
(Chattahoochee.) 

FLINT  R. — Eises  in  the  western  part  of  Georgia — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  south- westeily,  course — unites  with  the  Chattahoochee, 
and  forms  the  Appalachicola — and  is  300  miles  long.  The  towns  of 
B.,  N.,  H.,  and  K.  are  situated  on  it. 

CHATTAHOOCHEE  R. — Eises  in  the  northern  part  of  Georgia — flows 
first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly  course — forming  a  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Georgia  and  Alabama — unites  with  the  Flint,  and 
forms  the  Appalachicola — and  is  450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  F., 
W.,  C.,  and  L.  are  situated  on  it. 

CHOCTAWHATCHIE  R. — Eises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Alabama — 
flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  westerly  course  into  Choctawhatchie 
Bay — and  is  200  miles. long. 

YELLOW  AND  BLACK  WATER  Rs. — Both  rise  in  the  southern  part 
of  Alabama — flow  a  southerly  course,  through  the  north-western 
part  of  Florida,  into  Pensacola  Bay. 

ESCAMBIA  R. — Bises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Alabama — flows 
first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly  course,  through  the  north- 
western part  of  Florida,  into  Pensacola  Bay,  and  is  250  miles  long. 

PERDIDO  R. — Eises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Alabama — flows  a 
southerly  course  into  Perdido  Bay — forms  the  western  boundary  of  the 
north-western  part  of  Florida. 

MOBILE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  Alabama  and  Tombigbee 
rivers,  in  the  south-western  part  of  Alabama — flows  south  into  Mo- 
bile Bay. 

ALABAMA  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa 
rivers,  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Alabama — flows  a  general  south- 
westerly course — unites  with  Tombigbee,  and  forms  the  Mobile  river, 
and  is  600  miles  long.  The  towns  of  C.,  M.,  W.,  R.,  C.,  J.,  and 
C.  are  situated  on  it. 

TOMBIGBEE  R. — Sises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Mississippi — flows 
with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  east,  a  general  southerly  course, 
unites  with  the  Alabama  river,  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  State 
of  Alabama,  and  forms  the  I^obile — it  is  500  miles  long.  The  towns 
of  St.  S.,  G.,  C.,  and  A.  are  situated  oil  it. 

BLACK  WARRIOR  R. — Eises  in  the  northern  part  of  Alabama — flows 
a  south-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Tombigbee  river.  Tus- 
caloosa,  the  former  capital  of  Alabama,  is  situated  on  its  left  bank, 
and  has  a  population  of  3000, 

PASCAGOULA  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Mississippi — flows  a 


41 

general  southerly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — is  250  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  W.,  M.,  W.,  and  A.  are  situated  on  it. 

PEARL  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Mississippi — flows  first  a 
south-westerly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course, 
forming1  part  of  the  boundary  between  Mississippi  and  Louisiana- 
flows  into  Lake  Borgne — and  is  350  miles  long.  Jackson,  the  capital 
of  Mississippi,  and  Monticello  are  situated  on  its  right  bank,  and  C 
on  the  left. 

BIG  BLACK  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Mississippi- 
flows  a  south-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
and  is  250  miles  long.  The  towns  of  G.  and  B.  are  situated  on  it. 

YAZOO  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Mississippi — flows 
first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  south-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  is  400  miles  long.  The  towns  of  W.,  P.,  T.,  and 
M.  are  situated  on  it. 

MISSISSIPPI  R. — Rises  in  Itasca  lake,  in  the  northern  interior  of 
Minesota  Territory,  near  the  47°  of  north  latitude,  or  3255  miles* 
north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  1500  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean.  Taking  its  general  directions,  it  flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  southerly  course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Minesota  Territory  and  the  State  of  Wisconsin — the  boun- 
dary between  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa — Iowa  and  Illi- 
nois— Illinois  and  Missouri — Missouri  and  Kentucky,  Missouri  and 
Tennessee — Tennessee  and  Arkansas — Arkansas  and  Mississippi, 
and  part  of  the  boundary  between  Mississippi  and  Louisiana — 
then  flows  a  south-easterly  course  through  the  south-eastern  part 
of  Louisiana,  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Mississippi  proper, 
is  2800  miles  long,  but  regarding  the  Missouri  as  the  principal 
stream,  it  is  4200  miles  long — being  the  longest  river  in  the 
world — though  not  the  largest.  It  drains,  with  its  tributaries,  an 
area  of  more  than  a  million  of  square  miles.  Those  that  flow  into 
it  from  the  east,  are  the  B.  B.,  Y.,  O.,  K.,  I.,  R.,  W.,  C.,  St.  C., 
and  the  R.  Those  from  the  west  are  St.  P.,  U.  I.,  T.,  L,  D.,  S.,  M., 
St.  F.,  W.,  A.,  and  R.  New  Orleans,  the  former  capital  of  Louisi- 
ana, is  situatejl  on  its  left  bank,  105  miles  from  its  mouth — has  a 
population  of  150,000,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest  commercial  cities 
in  the  world.  The  towns  of  D.,  P.,  B.,  V.,  N.,  G.  G.,  V.,  P.,  P., 
C.,  B.,  H.,  P.,  M.,  R.,  O.,  N.  M.,  St.  G.,  H.,  St.  L.,  A.,  Q.,  W., 
N.,  the  city  of  the  Mormons,  M.,  B.,  B.,  S.,  U.,  C.,  D.,  C.,  P.  L., 
and  P.,  are  situated  on  it. — 840  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
souri are  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  where  the  river  has  a  perpendi- 
cular descent  of  16  feet,  with  formidable  rapids,  above  and  below. 
The  rapids  above  the  falls  have  a  descent  of  10  feet  in  the  distance 
of  300  yards — those  below,  of  15  feet  in  the  distance  of  half  a  mile, 
making  the  whole  descent  of  the  river,  41  feet  in  less  than  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile.  This  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  the 
Falls  of  St.  -Anthem)7",  a  distance  of  220U  miles  from  its  mouth. 

OHIO  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monon- 
gahela  rivers,  at  Pittsbnrg,  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
40°  32'  north  latitude,  or  2d07  miles  north  of  the  equator,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  680  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean — flows  alternately 

*  The  degree  is  estimated  at  69}  miles. 

4* 


42 

•     -~^...T-    *' 

a  north-westerly  and  a  soutn-westerly  course,  its  general  course  be- 
ing1 south-west,  forms  the  boundary  between  Virginia  and  Ohio — 
Ohio  and  Kentucky — Kentucky  and  Indiana — Kentucky  and  Illinois, 
and  is  the  largest  eastern  branch  of  the  Mississippi  river,  with 
which  it  forms  a  junction  in  about  37°  of  north  latitude.  It  is  1300 
miles  long,  and  drains,  with  its  tributaries,  an  area  of  upwards  of 
130,000  square  miles.  Those  that  flow  into  it  from  the  south,  are 
the  Tennessee,  C.,  G.,  S.,  Ky.,  L.,  B.  S.,  Great  and  Little  K. 
Those  from  the  north  are  the  B.,  M.,  S.,  Great  and  Little  M.,  and 
the  W.  The  principal  towns  situated  on  it  are  P.,  A.,  B.,  B.,  S., 
W.,  W.,  M.,  P.,  P.,  G.,  B.,  B.,  C.,  G.,  P.,  M.,  A.,  N.,  C.,  C.,  L., 
V.,  C.,  M.,  N.  A.,  L.,  B.,  P.,  R.,  H.,  R.,  O.,  E.,  H.,  Mt.  V.,  S., 
E.,  G.,  S.,  P.,  C.,  and  C. 

One  remarkable  circumstance  respecting  the  Ohio,  as  well  as 
other  western  rivers,  is  its  great  elevations  and  depressions — during 
the  months  of  July,  August,  and  September ;  it  often  dwindles  to  a 
small  stream,  affording  limited  facilities  for  navigation.  Among 
the  hills  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  it  is  seen  rippling  over  chains 
of  rocks,  through  which  a  passage  is  barely  afforded  to  boats  of  the 
lightest  burden;  but  the  heavy  rains  during  the  autumn  or  winter, 
and  the  melting  of  the  snows  in  the  spring,  fill  the  river  to  overflow- 
ing, and  many  of  its  islands,  and  the  bottom  lands  along  its  margin 
are  then  covered  with  water.  Its  average  rise  above  low  water 
mark  is  50  feet,  though  it  sometimes  exceeds  60.  There  are  no 
considerable  falls  on  this  river,  with  the  exception  of  the  rapids, 
commencing  at  Louisville,  587  miles  below  Pittsburg,  and  having 
a  descent  of  22i  feet  in  the  distance  of  two  miles.  A  canal  is  con- 
structed around  the  rapids  two-and-a-balf  miles  in  length,  admitting 
the  passage  of  the  largest  steamboats. 

TENNESSEE  R. — Eises  in  the  south-western  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina— flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  winding  westerly,  then  a  south- 
westerly, then  a  westerly,  and  lastly,  a  winding  northerly  course — 
passes  through  the  eastern  part  of  Tennessee,  the  northern  part  of 
Alabama,  the  western  part  of  Tennessee,  and  the  south-western 
part  of  Kentucky — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  is  900  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  R.,  P.,  S.,  F.,  T.,  D.,  D.,  W.,  K.,  C.,  K.,  are 
situated  on  it. 

HOLSTON  AND  CLINCH  Rs. — Rise  in  the  south-western  part  of  Vir- 
ginia— flow  a  south-westerly  course  through  the  north-eastern  part  of 
Tennessee,  are  branches  of  the  Tennessee  river.  The  H.  300,  and  the 
C.  250  miles  long. 

CUMBERLAND  R. — Hises  in  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Kentucky — flows  first  a  westerly,  then  a  south-westerlj", 
and  lastly,  a  north-westerly  course,  passing  through  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Kentucky,  the  northern  part  of  Tennessee,  and  the  south- 
western part  of  Kentucky — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  is 
600  miles  long.  The  towns  of  S.,  D.,  C.,  N.,  C.,  G.,  B.,  J.,  and 
B.  are  situated  on  it. 

GREEN  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Kentucky — flows  first  a 
westerly,  then  a  north-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio 
river,  and  is  300  miles  long.  The  towns  of  G.,  B.,  B.,  and  M.  are 
situated  on  it.  Mammoth  Cave,  on  this  river,  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  gratest  curiosities  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  pas- 


43 

sages,  and  grottoes,  under  ground,  which  have  been^xjilored  to  the 
distance  of  16  miles — 165  avenues  have  been  discovered  in  various 
parts  of  the  cave,  the  walk  through  which,  is  estimated  at  about  300 
miles.  One  of  the  apartments,  called  the  Rotunda,  is  a  vast  hall, 
comprising  eight  acres — arched  with  a  dome  100  feet  high,  without 
a  single  pillar  to  support  it.  There  are  several  streams  running 
through  the  passages  of  this  wondrous  cavern,  one  of  which  is  more 
than  30  feet  deep — and  is  inhabited  by  a  species  of  fish  which  ajre 
white,  and  entirely  destitute  of  eyes.  The  air  of  the  cave  is  very 
pure  and  salubrious — and  is  said  to  have  great  healing  power  in 
diseases  of  the  lungs. 

SALT  R. — Eises  in  the  interior  part  of  Kentucky — flows  a  north- 
westerly course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river.  Another  Salt  river 
rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Iowa — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then 
an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  200  miles 
long. 

KENTUCKY  R. — Sises  in  the  south-eastern,  part  of  Kentucky — 
flows  a  general  north-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river, 
and  is  350  miles  long.  The  towns  of  M.,  P.,  F.,  and  C.  are  situated 
on  it. 

LICKING  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Kentucky — flows  a  north- 
westerly course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  is  300  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  W.,  F.,  C.,  and  N.  are  situated  on  it. 

BIG  SANDY  R. — Eises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Virginia — flows 
a  north-westerly  course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  is  300  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  P.,  P.,  L.,  and  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

KANAWHA  R. — Eises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Virginia — flows 
a  general  north-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and 
is  400  miles  long.  The  towns  of  N.,  C.,  and  P.  P.  are  situated  on 
it.  About  100  miles  from  its  mouth  are  the  great  falls,  where  the 
river  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  50  feet.  Sixty-six  miles  from 
its  mouth  are  the  Kanawha  saltworks,  where  1,500,000  bushels  of 
salt  are  manufactured  annually.  These  salt  works  give  employment 
to  1000  men. 

MONONGAHELA  R. — Sises  in  the  northern  interior  of  Virginia — flows 
a  northerly  course,  passing  through  the  south-western  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania— unites  with  Alleghany,  and  forms  the  Ohio  river — and  is 
300  miles  long.  The  towns  of  B.,  W.,  C.,  M.,  and  B.  are  situated 
on  it. 

ALLEGHANY  R. — Eises  in  the  northern  part  of  Pennsylvania — flows 
first  a  north-westerly  course,  into  the  south-western  part  of  £fe\v 
York,  after  which  it  takes  first  a  general  south-westerly,  then  a  south- 
easterly, and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course,  unites  with  Mononga- 
hela,  and  forms  the  Ohio  river,  and  is  350  miles  long.  The  towns 
of  K.,  F.,  W.,  O.,  S.,  and  O.  are  situated  on  it. 

BEAVER  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  S.  and  M.  rivers,  in 
the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania — flows  a  southerly  course — is  a 
branch  of  the  Ohio  river.  The  town  of  Beaver  is  situated  at  its 
mouth. 

MUSKINGUM  R. — Eises  by  the  White  Woman  branch,  in  the  north- 
ern interior  of  Ohio— flows  a  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of 


44 

the  Ohio  river,  and  is  250  miles  long.  The  towns  of  M.,  McC.,  Z., 
C.,  M.,  N.  P.,  and  B.  are  situated  on  it. 

SCIOTO  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  interior  of  Ohio — flows  first 
a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio 
river,  and  is  250  miles  long.  The  towns  of  P.,  P.,  C.,  C.,  C.,  and 
D.  are  situated  on  it. 

MIAMI  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of  Ohio — flows  a  south- 
westerly course — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  is  150  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  H.,  D.,  S.,  T.,  U.,  B.,  and  S.  are  situated 
on  it. 

MAUMEE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  St.  Joseph's  and  St. 
Mary's  rivers,  in  the  east  of  the  north  part  of  Indiana — flows  a  north- 
easterly course  through  the  north-western  part  of  Ohio,  into  Lake 
Erie— and  is  300  miles  long.  The  towns  of  F.  W.,  D.,  N.,  P.,  and 
T.  are  situated  on  it. 

THAMES  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  C.  West — flows  a 
south-westerly  course  into  Lake  St.  Glair — is  probably  200  miles 
long. 

DETROIT  R. — Connects  Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake  Erie. 

ST.  CLAIR  R. — Connects  Huron  Lake  with  Lake  St.  Clair. 

MONISTIC  AND  MASKEGON  Rs. — Rise  in  the  northern  interior  of 
Michigan — flow  a  south-westerly  course  into  Michigan  Lake. 

GRAND  R. — Rises  in  the,  southern  part  of  Michigan — flows  first  a 
north-westerly,  then  a  winding-  westerly  course  into  Michigan  Lake — 
and  is  200  miles  long.  The  towns  of  G.  H.,  G.  R.,  I.,  and  L.  are 
situated  on  it. 

KALAMAZOO  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Michigan — flows  a 
north-westerly  course  into  Michigan  Lake — is  150  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  A.,  K.,  and  M.  are  situated  on  it. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Michigan — flows 
first  a  south-westerly  then  a  north-westerly  course — passing  through 
the  northern  part  of  Indiana,  and  south-western  part  of  Michigan, 
into  Lake  Michigan — is  200  miles  long.  The  towns  of  St.  J.,  B., 
N.,  S.  B.,  and  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

WABASH  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  Ohio — flows  first  a  north- 
westerly, then  a  south-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course — pass- 
ing through  the  northern  interior  of  Indiana,  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Indiana  and  Illinois — is  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  river, 
and  is  500  miles  long.  The  towns  of  H.,  W.,  P.,  L.,  D.,  L.,  W,, 
C.,  N.,  T.,  V.,  and  Mt.  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

WHITE  R. — Both  forks  rise  in  the  eastern  part  of  Indiana— flow 
a  south-westerly  course — unite  and  flow  into  the  Wabash — its  whole 
length  is  300  miles.  The  towns  of  P.,  B.,  S.,  M.,  and  I.  are  situated 
on  it. 

KASKASKIA  R, — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Illinois — flows  a  south- 
westerly course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river — and  is  300  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  K.,  C.,  V.,  and  S.  are  situated  on  it. 

ILLINOIS  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Wisconsin — flows 
first  a  southerly,  then  a  westerly,  then  south-westerly,  and  lastly,  a 
southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river — and  is  500  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  N.,  M.,  B.,  H.,  P.,  H.,  P.,  and  J.  are  situated 
on  it. 

SANOAMON  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Illinois — flows  first  a 


45 

south-westerly,  then  a  general  westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Illi 
nols  river — and  is  200  miles  long.  The  towns  of  M.,  D.,  and  P. 
are  situated  on  it. 

Fox  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Wisconsin — flows  a 
southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Illinois  river. 

ROCK  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Wisconsin — flows  first  a 
southerly,  then  a  south-westerly  course  through  the  north-western 
part  of  Illinois — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river — and  is  300  miles 
long-.  The  towns  of  R.,  R.,  O.,  and  D.  are  situated  on  it. 

WISCONSIN  R. — Flows  from  two  small  lakes  in  the  northernfcour- 
c7aryof  Wisconsin — first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-westerly  course — is 
a  branch  of  Mississippi  river — and  is  400  miles  long1. 

MENNOMONIE  R. — Forms  the  boundary  between  the  north-eastern 
part  of  Wisconsin,  and  the  southern  part  of  the  north-western  part  qf 
Michigan — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  Green  Bay. 

MONTREAL  R. — Forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  northern 
part  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan — flows  a  north-westerly  course  into 
Lake  Superior. 

ST.  Louis  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Minesota  Terri- 
tory— flows  first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  winding  southerly,  and 
lastly,  an  easterly  course  into  the  western  part  of  Lake  Superior. 

CHIPPEWAY  R. — Flows  from  a  lake  in  the  northern  part  of  Wis- 
consin'— a  general  south-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi 
river,  and  is  250  miles  long. 

ST.  CROIX  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Wisconsin — 
flows  first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly  course — passing  through 
St.  Croix  lake  into  Mississippi  river. 

RUM  R. — Rises  in  the  Spirit  Lake,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Minesota 
Territory — flows  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river, 
and  is  200  miles  long. 

ST.  PETER'S-  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Minesota  Territory — 
flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch 
of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  300  miles  long. 

UPPER  IOWA  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Minesota  Ter- 
ritory— flows  a  south-easterly  course,  passing  through  the  north-east- 
ern part  of  Iowa  State — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  200 
miles  long. 

TURKEY  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Iowa — flows  a  south-east- 
erly course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  200  miles  long. 

CEDAR  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Iowa — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Iowa  river,  and  is 
300  miles  long. 

IOWA  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  Iowa — flows  a  south- 
easterly course — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river — and  350  miles 
long. 

DES  MOINES  R. — Rises  in  a  small  lake,  in  the  south  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Minesota  Territory — flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-east- 
erly course,  passing  through  the  interior  part  of  Iowa — is  a  branch 
of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  450  miles  long. 

SALT  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Iowa — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly* then  an  easterly  course — passing  through  the  north-eastero 
part  of  Missouri — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river,  and  is  200  miles 
long. 


MISSOURI  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Jefferson,  Madison, 
and  Gallatin  rivers,  in  the  western  part  of  Missouri  Territory  in 
about  45  degrees  of  north  latitude,  or  3116  miles  north,  of  the  equator, 
flows  first  a  winding  northerly,  then  an  easterly,  then  south,  then  a 
north-easterly, and  lastly  a  general  south-easterly  course,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Missouri  and  Minesota  Territories — Minesota  and 
Indian  Territories — Indian  Territory  and  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Indian  Territory  and  Missouri — flows  through, 
the  interior  part  of  Missouri,  and  forms  a  junction  with.  Mississippi 
river  1300  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  is  '2900  miles  long.  The  towns 
of  L.,  I.,  L.,  F.,  B.,  N.,  M.,  H.,  P.,  and  St.  C.  and  Jefferson  city, 
the  capital  of  Missouri,  are  situated  on  it.  About  500  miles  from  its 
source,  are  the  great  falls,  where  the  river  descends  by  a  succession 
of  rapids  and  falls  357  feet  in  the  distance  of  16  miles.  The  lowest 
and  greatest  fall  has  a  perpendicular  pitch  of  87  feet;  the  second, 
of  19 ;  the  third,  of  47,  and  the  fourth,  of  26.  Between  and  below 
the  falls  there  is  a  continuous  succession  of  rapids,  of  from  3  to 
18  feet  descent.  These  falls,  next  to  those  of  Niagara,  are  the 
grandest  on  the  continent. 

Sioux  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Minesota  Territory — flows 
a  southerly  course,  forming  the  boundary  between  the  north-western 
part  of  the  State  of  Iowa  and  Minesota  Territory — is  a  branch  of 
Missouri  river,  and  is  200  miles  long. 

JAMES  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  interior  of  Minesota  Terri- 
tory— flows  a  southerly  course,  is  a  branch  of  Missouri  river,  and  is 
400  miles  long. 

WHITE  EARTH  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  British  America — 
flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
Missouri  river. 

YELLOW  STONE  R, — Flows  from  Subletted  lake,  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Missouri  Territory,  first  an  easterly,  then  a  northerly, 
and  lastly,  a  winding  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Missouri 
river,  and  is  800  miles  long. 

CLARK'S  FORK. — Rises  in.  the  south,  of  the  western  part  of  Missouri 
Territory — flows  a  northerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Missouri  river, 
and  is  200  miles  long. 

BIG  HORN  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Missouri  Terri- 
tory— flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a  northerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
the  Yellow  Stone  river,  and  is  600  miles  long. 

TONGUE  R. — Rises  in  the  Black  Hills,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Missouri  Territory — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  north-westerly 
course — is  a  branch  of  the  Yellow  Stone  river,  and  is  4CO  miles 
long. 

LITTLE  MISSOURI  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of,  Missouri 
Territory — flows  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Missouri 
river,  and  is  250  miles  long. 

TETON  R. — Rises  in  the  Black  Hills,  in  the  south-eastern  interior 
of  Missouri  Territory — flows  an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Mis- 
souri river,  and  is  250  miles  long. 

WHITE  AND  RUNNING  WATER  Rs. — Rise  in  the  Black  Hills  in  the 
south-eastern  interior  of  Missouri  Territory— flow  an  easterly  course — 
are  branches  of  Missouri  river — are  200  and  400  miles  long. 

PLATTE  R. — Taking  the  North  Fork,  rises  among  the  Rocky  Moun- 


47 

tains,  in  the  west  of  the  northern  part  of  Indian  Territory — flows 
first  a  northerly,  then  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  again  a 
north-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  little  south  of  an  easterly  course — form- 
ing part  of  the  boundary  between  Missouri  and  Indian  Territories, 
and  flowing  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory — 
is  a  branch  of  Missouri  river,  and  is  1000  miles  long.  By  the 
North  Fork  of  this  river — following  the  Sweet  Water  branch,  the 
best  route  across  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  obtained,  by  what  is  called 
the  South  Pass. 

KANZAS  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  Solomon's  and  Smoky 
Hill  Forks,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory — flows  an  easterly 
course — is  a  branch  of  Missouri  river,  and  is  700  miles  long. 

OSAGE  R. — Bises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory — flows  a 
general  north-easterly  course  through  the  western  and  interior  parts  of 
Missouri — is  a  branch  of  Missouri  river,  and  is  450  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  O.,  C.,  W.,  E.,  T.,  are  situated  on  it. 

ST.  FRANCIS  R. — Bises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Missouri — flows  a 
general  southerly  course  through  the  south-eastern  part  of  Missouri, 
and  north-eastern  part  of  Arkansas — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river, 
and  is  400  miles  long. 

WHITE  R. — Bises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Arkansas — flows 
first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly  a  southerly 
course  through  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Arkansas — is  a  branch  of 
Mississippi  river,  and  is  600  miles  long. 

BLACK  R, — Bises  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Missouri — flows 
first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  south-westerly  course,  through  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Arkansas — is  a  branch  of  White  river,  and  is  300 
miles  long. 

ARKANSAS  R. — Bises  among  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Texas — flows  a  general  south-easterly  course — 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Indian  Territory  and  Texas — 
passing  through  the  interior  and  south-eastern  parts  of  Indian  Terri- 
tory and  the  interior  part  of  Arkansas — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi 
river,  and  is  2000  miles  long.  The  towns  of  V.,  O.,  D.,  L.,  L.  P. 
B.,  A.,  and  N.  are  situated  on  it. 

NEOSHO  R. — Bises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Indian  Territory — 
flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
Arkansas  river,  and  is  300  miles  long. 

CIMARRON  R. — Bises  in  the  north  of  the  western  part  of  Texas — 
flows  an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Arkansas  river. 

NORTH  FORK. — Bises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Texas — flows  a 
little  south  of  an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Canadian  river — 
and  is  600  miles  long. 

CANADIAN  R. — Bises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Texas — flows  first 
a  south-easterly,  then  a  general  easterly  course,  through  the  southern 
part  of  Indian  Territory — is  a  branch  of  Arkansas  river,  and  is  900 
miles  long. 

WASHITA  R. — Bises  in  the  western  part  of  Arkansas — flows  first  an 
easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course  through 
the  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  Louisiana — is  a  branch  of  Red  river, 
and  is  500  miles  long. 

RED  R. — Bises  in  the  north-western  interior  of  Texas — flows  first 
an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course — form- 


48 

ing  part  of  the  boundary  Letween  Indian  Territory  and  Texas — pass- 
ing through  the  south-western  part  of  Arkansas,  north-western  and 
interior  part  of  Louisiana — is  a  branch  of  Mississippi  river,  and  is 
1200  miles  long-.  The  towns  of  W.,  R.,  J.,  and  D.  in  Texas — 
F.  and  L.  in  Arkansas — S.,  N.,  and  A.  in  Louisiana,  are  situated 
on  it. 

SABINE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Texas — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  south-westerly  course — forming  part  of  the  boundary 
between  Louisiana  and  Texas — passing  through  Sabine  lake,  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is  350  miles  long.  Sabine  city  is  situated 
at  its  mouth. 

NECHES  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Texas — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  southerly  course — passing  through  Sabine  lake,  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico — is  300  miles  long. 

TRINITY  R. — Rises  in  the  north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Texas — flows 
first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course,  into  Galveston  Bay — 
and  is  450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  L.,  S.,  C.,  A.,  F.,  and  D.  are 
situated  on  it, 

SAN  JACINTO  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Texas — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  Galveston  Bay. 

BRAZOS  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of  Texas — flows  first  an 
easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — and 
is  650  miles  long.  The  towns  of  B.,  R.,  St.  F.,  W.,  and  N.  are 
situated  on  it. 

COLORADO  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Texas — flows  first  a 
north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course  into  Matagorda  Bay,  and 
is  700  miles  long.  The  towns  of  A.,  B.,  L.,  C.,  and  M.  are  situated 
on  it. 

GUADALUPE  AND  ST.  ANTONIO  Rs. — Rise  in  the  southern  interior  of 
Texas — flow  a  south-easterly  course  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 

NUECES  R. — Rises  in  Lake  de  las  Yuntas,  in  the  south  of  the  west- 
ern part  of  Texas — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  Nueces  Bay,  and 
is  350  miles  long. 

Rio  GRANDE. — Rises  among  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Texas — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly, 
then  a  winding  easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course,  forming 
the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico — is  1800  miles  long. 

LAKES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TEMISCOUATA  L. — In  Canada  East,  north  of  Maine. 

CHESUNCOOK  L. — In  the  north-western  interior  of  Maine — Penob- 
scot  river  flows  through  it — it  is  24  miles  long. 

MOOSEHEAD  L. — In  the  western  interior  of  Maine — the  principal 
source  of  Kennebec  river — is  35  miles  long. 

UMBAGOG  AND  MOOSETOCMAGUNTIC  Ls. — In  the  western  part  of 
Maine — the  principal  source  of  Androscoggin  river. 

WINNIPISEOGEE  L. — In  the  eastern  interior  of  New  Hampshire — 
connected  by  Winnipiseogee  river  with  the  Merrimac.  The  towns 
of  Alton  and  Meredith  are  situated  on  it — is  22  miles  long.  This 
lake  is  fed  by  numerous  springs  at  its  bottom,  and  its  waters  are  re- 


4D 

markably  pure.     It  is  noted  for  picturesque  beauty  and  fine  surround- 
ing mountain  scenery. 

MEMPHRAMAGOG  L. — In  the  northern  part  of  Vermont,  and  south- 
ern part  of  Canada  East,  is  connected  by  St.  Francis  river  with  the 
St.  Lawrence — is  30  miles  long1.  The  town  of  Derby  is  situated 
near  it.  On  an  island  in  the  western  part  of  this  lake,  two  miles 
north  of  the  Canada  line,  is  a  quarry  of  novaculite,  or  razor  stone ; 
known  by  the  name  of  "  Magog  oil  stone,"  which  is  considered 
equal  to  the  Turkey  oil  stone. 

L.  CHAMPLAIN. — Between  the  north-eastern  part  of  New  York  and 
north-western  part  of  Vermont — is  120  miles  long.  The  M.,  L'.,  O., 
and  O.  C.  rivers  flow  into  it,  and  S.  river  connects  it  with  St.  Law- 
rence river. 

L.  GEORGE. — In  the  eastern  part  of  New  York,  south  of  Lake 
Champlain,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet  three  miles  in 
length.  This  lake  is  33  miles  long,  and  2  in  width.  The  purity 
and  transparency  of  its  waters,  the  numerous  islands  with  which  it 
is  studded,  together  with  the  wild  and  lofty  hills  by  which  it  is 
surrounded,  render  it  almost  unequalled  for  picturesque  and  romantic 
beauty. 

ONEIDA  L.- — In  the  interior  part  of  New  York,  connected  by  an 
outlet  with  Oswego  river — 21  miles  long. 

SKENEATELES  AND  OWASCO  Ls. — In  the  interior  part  of  New  York, 
connected  by  outlets  with  Oswego  river.  Skeneateles  lake  is  15 
miles  long.  The  town  of  Skeneateles  is  situated  on  it,  and  Auburn 
on  Owasco  lake. 

CAYUGA  L. — In  the  western,  interior  of  New  York,  connected  by 
an  outlet  with  Oswego  river.  It.  is  36  miles  long.  The  town  of 
Ithaca  is  situated  on  it,  has  a  population  of  5000. 

SENECA  L. — In  the  western  interior  of  New  York,  connected  by 
an  outlet  with  Cayuga  lake.  It  is  35  miles  long.  The  towns  of 
Waterloo,  Geneva,  Ovid,  and  Penn  Yan  are  situated  near  it. 

CANANDAIGUA  L. — In  the  western  interior  of  New  York,  north-west 
of  Seneca  lake,  connected  by  an  outlet  with  Oswego  river — is  14 
miles  long.  The  town  of  Canandaigua  is  situated  on  it  and  has  a 
population  of  5000. 

CHATAUQUE  L. — In  the  south-western  part  of  New  York,  con- 
nected by  an  outlet  with  Alleghany  river — is  16  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  Mayville  and  Jamestown  are  situated  on  it. 
•  L.  ONTARIO. — Borders  on  the  west  of  the  northern,  and  the  north 
of  the  western  part  of  New  York,  and  south-eastern  part  of  'Canada 
West — is  190  miles  long,  55  miles  wide,  and  600  feet  deep.  Its 
surface  comprises  5400  square  miles,  and  is  210  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean.  Niagara,  Genesee,  Oswego,  and  Black  rivers  flow 
into  it;  and  the  towns  of  Toronto,  Coburg,  and  Kingston  in  Canada. 
Sackett's  Harbour,  Oswego,  and  Troupsville,  in  New  York  are 
situated  on  it. 

L.  ERIE. — Borders  on  the  northern  part  of  Ohio — north-western 
part  of  Pennsylvania — western  part  of  New  York — southern  part  of 
Canada  West,  and  the  south-western  part  of  Michigan — is  250  miles 
Jong,  60  miles  wide,  and  120  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is  544  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  towns  of  Sandusky,  Huron,  Ohio 
city,  Cleveland,  and  Puinsville,  in  Ohio — Erie,  in  Pennsylvania-— 

5 


50 

and  Dunkirk,  Buffalo,  and  Black  Rock,  in  New  York,  are  situated 
on  it ;  and  the  Detroit,  Huron,  Raisin,  Maumee,  Sandusky,  Cuya- 
hoga,  and  Grand  rivers  flow  into  it.  The  Erie  Canal,  363  miles  long, 
connects  Buffalo,  on  this  lake,  with  Albany,  on  the  Hudson  river,  pass- 
ing through  the  towns  of  Black  Rock,  Lockport,  Albion,  Rochester, 
Lyons,  Syracuse,  Rome,  Whitesboro,  Utica,  Herkimer,  Canajoharie, 
and  Schenectady.  The  Ohio  Canal,  307  miles  long,  connects  Cleve- 
land, on  the  lake,  with  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sciota  river,  passing  through  the  towns  of  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Akron, 
Bolivia,  New  Philadelphia,  Coshocton,  Newark,  Circleville,  Chili- 
cothe,.  and  Piketon. 

L.  ST.  CLAIR. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Michigan — and  south- 
ern part  of  Canada  West,  about  an  equal  distance  from  the  southern 
part  of  Huron  Lake,  and  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie. 

HURON  L. — Borders  on  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  parts  of 
Michigan,  and  the  western  part  of  Canada  West — is  280  miles  long, 
90  miles  wide,  exclusive  of  Manitouline  lake — -and  from  900  to  1000 
feet  deep.  Its  surface  with  Manitouline,  comprises  19,000  square 
miles,  and  is  596  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  islands  in 
this  lake  are  very  numerous ;  they  are  said  to  amount  to  32,000. 

MANITOULINE  L. — In  the  western  part  of  Canada  West — a  part  of 
Huron  Lake. 

MICHIGAN  L. — Forms  nrostof  the  western  boundary  of  Michigan — 
the  eastern  boundary  of  Wisconsin — the  eastern  boundary  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  Illinois,  and  the  north-western  boundary  of  Indiana — is 
320  miles  long,  90  miles  wide,  and  900  feet  deep.  Its  surface  com- 
prises 17,000  square  miles,  and  is  600  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean.  The  towns  of  Manitouwoc,  Sheboyagan,  Washington,  Mil- 
waukie,  and  Racine,  in  Wisconsin — Chicago,  in  Illinois — Michigan, 
city,  in  Indiana — New  Buffalo  and  South  Haven,  in  Michigan,  are 
situated  on  it,  and  the  Monistic,  Maskegon,  Grand,  Kalamazo,  and 
St.  Joseph's  rivers  flow  into  it. 

GRE'EN  BAY. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Wisconsin — a  part  of  Michigan 
Lake — is  100  miles  long.  The  town  of  Navarino  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  it. 

L.  SUPERIOR. — Borders  on  the  northern  part  of  Michigan,  the  north 
of  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin — north-eastern  part  of  Minesota 
Territory — southern  part  of  New  South  Wales,  and  forms  the  south- 
ern and  south-western  boundary  of  the  north-western  part  of  Canada — 
is  430  miles  long,  160  miles  wide,  and  900  feet  deep.  Its  surface 
comprises  28,000  square  miles,  and  is  641  feet  above  the  level  of  the* 
ocean,  being  45  feet  higher  than  Huron  Lake,  and  is  the  largest  body 
of  fresh  water  on  the  globe.  Copper  abounds  in  the  country  south 
of  this  lake. 

RAINY  L. — Between  the  southern  part  of  New  South  Wales  and 
northern  part  of  Minesota  Territory— south-east  of  Lake  of  the 
Woods. 

LAKE  OF  THE  WOODS. — In  the  south-western  part  of  New  South 
Wales,  south-east  of  Winnipeg  Lake,  bordering  on  the  northern  part 
of  Minesota  Territory,  and  is  100  miles  long. 

SAGINAW  BAY. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Michigan — a  part  of  Huron 
lake — is  60  miles  long,  and  32  wide. 


51 

THUNDER  BAY. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Michigan — north  of  Sagi- 
naw  Bay — is  a  part  of  Huron  lake. 

NEPISSING  L. — In  Canada  West,  north  of  Lake  Manitouline. 

RED  L. — In  the  northern  part  of  Minesota  Territory — the  source 
of  Red  river. 

SPIRIT  L. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Minesota  Territory — the  source 
of  Rum  river. 

L.  ST.  CROIX. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Minesota  Territory — 
the  St.  Croix  river  flows  through  it. 

PEPIN  L. — Between  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin  State — and 
south-eastern  part  of  Minesota  Territory.  The  Mississippi  flows 
through  it. 

L.  Qui  PARLE  AND  BIG  STONE  L. — In  St.  Peter's  river,  in  the 
southern  interior  of  Minesota  Territory. 

TRAVERSE  L. — In  the  interior  part  of  Minesota  Territory — north  of 
Big  Stone'  lake. 

ELK  L. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Minesota  Territory — north  of  Lake 
Qui  Parle. 

OTTERTAIL  L. — In  the  interior  part  of  Minesota  Territory — the 
source  of  a  branch  of  Red  river. 

ITASCAL. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Minesota  Territory — the  source 
of  Mississippi  river.  It  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  of  an  irregular 
shape,  about  8  miles  long,  situated  among  hills,  covered  with  pine 
forests,  and  fed  chiefly  by  springs — it  is  near  the  47°  N.  latitude — 
and  is  1500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

DEVIL  L. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Minesota  Territory. 

L.  OKECHOBEE. — In  the  southern  part  of  Florida. 

L.  BORGNE. — Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Louisiana — and 
south-eastern  part  of  Mississippi. 

L.  PONCHARTRAIN. — In  the  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Louisiana. 

SABINE  L. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Texas — the  Sabine  river 
flows  through  it. 

SALINE  L. — In  the  interior  part  of  Texas — the  Brazos  river  flows 
through  it. 

ISLANDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

GRAND  MENAN  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south-east  of  Maine. 

MT.  DESERT  I — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Maine. 

BOON  I.  AND  ISLES  OF  SHOALS. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — east  of  the 
southern  part  of  New  Hampshire. 

NANTUCKET,  MARTHA'S  VINEYARD,  ELIZABETH'S  I.  AND  No  MAN'S 
LAND. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — south-east  of  Massachusetts,  and  be- 
longing to  this  State. 

RHODE  I. — In  Narraganset  Bay — east  of  the  southern  part  of 
Rhode  Island.  The  town  of  Newport  is  situated  on  it — has  a  popu- 
lation of  9000.  The  State  of  Rhode  Island  derives  its  name  from 
this  island. 

BLOCK  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — south  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  belongs  to  that  State. 

FISHER'S  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — so  ith  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Connecticut. 


GARDINER'S  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — east  of  Long  Island. 

LONG  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — south  of  Connecticut — from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  120  miles  long-, 
and  20  miles  wide.  The  city  of  Brooklyn  and  the  towns  of  F.,  H°, 
H.,  N.  H.,  O.,  H.,  B.,  R.,  G.,  S.  H.,  and  J.  are  situated  on  it. 

GRAND  I. — In  the  Niagara  river — between  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara 
Falls — 9  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  width  is  6  miles — comprises 
more  than  17,OiK)  acres. 

MANITOULINE  I. — In  Manitouline  Lake — bordering  on  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Huron  Lake. 

ROYAL  I. — In  Lake  Superior — north-west  of  the  central  part. 

APOSTLE  I. — In  the  western  part  of  Lake  Superior — north  of  the 
western  part  of  Wisconsin. 

MOUNTAINS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

MARS  HILL. — In  the  east  of  the  northern  part  of  Maine. 

MT.  KATAHDIN. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Maine — 5000  feet 
high. 

WHITE  MTS. — In  the  north-eastern  interior  of  New  Hampshire — 
their  most  elevated  peaks  are  covered  with  snow,  9  or  10  months  in 
the  year — though  at  a  distance  of  more  than  60  miles  from  the  nearest 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  their  snow-white  summits  are  distinctly 
visible  many  leagues  at  sea,  and  along  the  coast  of  Maine.  Mt. 
Washington,  the  highest  peak,  is  6234  feet  high.  The  Notch,  or 
Gap,  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountain,  is  a  deep  and  narrow  de- 
file, extending  two  miles  in  length,  between  two  huge  cliffs.  The 
entrance  of  the  chasm  being  formed  by  two  rocks,  standing  per- 
pendicular, at  the  distance  of  22  feet  from  each  other;  the  one 
about  20  feet  high,  and  the  other  12.  A  road  passes  through  this 
notch,  following  the  course  of  the  head  stream  of  the  Saco.  The 
mountain,  otherwise  a  continuous  range,  is  here  cloven  down  to  its 
base,  opening  a  passage  for  this  river.  Several  brooks,  the  tributa- 
ries of  the  Saco,  fall  down  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  forming  a  suc- 
cession of  beautiful  cascades,  some  of  them  within  sight  of  the  road, 
presenting  the  wildest  and  most  romantic  scenery. 

GREEN  MTS. — Extend  through  the  interior  part  of  Vermont,  and  the 
western  part  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut;  their  course  is  north 
and  south.  These  mountains  give  name  to  the  State  of  Vermont,  and 
constitute  its  most  prominent  feature.  Their  most  elevated  peaks 
are  Mansfield  Mountain,  and  Camel's  Rump,  the  first  4280  feet  high, 
the  other  4188. 

WACHUSETT  MT. — In  the  interior  part  of  Massachusetts. 

MT.  HOLYOKE  AND  MT.  TOM. — In  the  western  interior  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  first  east,  and  the  other  west  of  Connecticut  river. 

MOHEGAN  MTS. — In  the  ncrth-eaastern  part  of  New  York.  Mt. 
Marcy,  the  most  elevated  peak  is  5300  feet  high. 

CATSKILL  MTS. — In  the  eastern  part  of  New  York — west  of  the 
Hudson  river,  and  south  of  the  Mohawk  ;  they  are  3800  feet  high. 

BLUE  MTS. — Extend  through  the  eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania — 
north-western  part  of  New  Jersey,  and  south-eastern  part  of  New  York, 
their  course  is  north-east  and  south-west. 


53 

BLUE  RIDGE. — Extends  through  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia — their  course  is 
north-east  and  south-west. 

BLACK  MT. — A  peak  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  north-western  part 
of  North  Carolina— the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States,  east 
of  Mississippi  river,  being  6476  feet  high. 

ALLEGHANY  MTS. — Extend  through  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Alabama — forming  the 
boundary  between  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee — their  course  is 
north-east  and  south-west — they  are  900  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile 
high. 

CUMBERLAND  MTS. — Extend  through  parts  of  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  and  Alabama — forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky — their  course  is  north-east  and  south-west,  and 
their  height  2000  feet. 

OZARK  MTS. — 'Extend  through  the  southern  part  of  Missouri,  north- 
western part  of  Arkansas,  and  south-eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory — 
their  course  is  north-east  and  south-west — they  are  2000  feet  high. 

GREEN  MTS. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Texas — extending  north- 
west and  south-east. 

THREE  PARKS. — In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  western  part  of 
Indian  Territory. 

BLACK  HILLS. — Extend  through  the  south-eastern  interior,  and 
southern  part  of  Missouri  Territory — their  course  is  north-east  and 
south-west. 

ROCK  INDEPENDENCE  and  RED  BUTTES. — In  the  southern  part  of 
Missouri  Territory,  near  the  left  bank  of  Platte  river. 

WIND  RIVER  MTS. — A  spur  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  the 
south-western  part  of  Missouri  Territory,  and  south-eastern  part  of 
Oregon  Territory. 

GUADALUPE  MTS. — In  the  western  interior  of  Texas — extending 
nearly  north  and  south. 

HIGH  PEAK. — In  the  eastern  interior  of  Texas — west  of  the  Brazos 
river,  600  feet  high. 

PILOT  KNOB  AND  IRON  MTS. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Missouri — south 
of  Missouri  river. 

PICTURED  ROCKS. — In  the  northern  Peninsula  of  Michigan — on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  eastern  part  of  Lake  Superior.  They  con- 
sist of  a  series  of  lofty  bluffs  and  precipices — exhibiting  the  appear- 
ance of  towering  walls,  ruins,  caverns,  and  waterfalls,  in  every 
variety  of  combination. 

They  extend  12  miles  along  the  coast,  and  are  generally  about  300 
feet  high — often  overhanging  the  water.  The  colour  varies  in  shades 
of  Hack,  white,  yellow,  red,  and  brown.  The  waves,  driven  by  the 
violent  north  winds,  have  worn  the  rocky  shore  into  numerous  ca- 
verns, bays,  and  indentations,  which  increase  the  romantic  effect  of 
their  appearance.  In  one  place  a  grand  cascade  tumbles  from  the 
top  of  a  rock  70  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake — in  so  wide  a ' 
curve,  that  boats  pass  behind  the  sheet  of  water  and  the  rocky  shore. 
Another  place  exhibits  a  mass  of  rock — supported  by  four  natural 
pillars — and  overgrown  with  beautiful  spruce  and  fir  trees — some  of 
which  are  50  or  60  feet  high — this  is  called  "  The  Doric  Rock,"- 
and  closely  resembles  a  work  of  art. 

5* 


54 


CAPES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

CAPE  ANN. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Massachusetts — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  COD. — A  northern  point  of  the  south-eastern  part  of  Massachu- 
setts— extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  MALABAR. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Massachusetts — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

MONTAUK  POINT. — The  most  eastern  point  of  Long  Island,  extend- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  MAY. — A  southern  point  of  New  Jersey — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  HENLOPEN. — An  eastern  point  of  the  southern  part  of  Dela- 
ware— extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — at  the  entrance  of  Dela- 
ware Bay. 

C.  CHARLES. — A  southern  point  of  that  portion  of  Virginia  situated 
east  of  Chesapeake  Bay — it  extends  into  the  mouth  of  the  bay. 

C.  HENRY. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Virginia — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

C.  HATTERAS. — An  eastern  point  of  North  Carolina — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  LOOKOUT. — A  south-eastern  point  of  North  Carolina — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  FEAR. — A  southern  point  of  Smith's  Island — at  the  mouth  of 
C.  Fear  river — extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  CANNAVERAL. — An  eastern  point  of  Florida — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  FLORIDA. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Florida — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  SABLE. — Most  southern  point  of  Florida — extending  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

C.  ROMANS. — A  south-western  point  of  the  southern  portion  of  Flo- 
rida— extending  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

C.  SAN  BLAS.— A  southern  point  of  the  north-western  portion  of 
Florida — extending  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  the  mouth  of 
Apalachicola  river. 

C.  Roxo. — An  eastern  point  of  Mexico,  extending  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  south  of  the  mouth  of  Tula  river. 

C.  DESCONOCIDA. — A  north-western  point  of  Yucatan — extending 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

C.  CATOCHE. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Yucatan — extending  into 
the  Channel  of  Yucatan. 

C.  HONDURAS. — A  northern  point  of  Guatemala — extending  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  north-east  of  Truxillo. 

C.  PALMA. — A  south-eastern  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  California- 
extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Cs.  GREGORY  AND  FOULWEATHER. — Western  points  of  Oregon  Ter- 
ritory— extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  FLATTERY. — The  most  north-western  point  of  Oregon  Territory 
— extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


CITIES. 

WASHINGTON,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  300  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river  and  bay, 
from  the  ocean.  The  Capitol,  for  the  meetings  of  Congress,  is  situ- 
ated on  Capitol  Square,  at  the  head  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  and 
commands  a  delightful  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  It 
is  constructed  of  free-stone,  and  composed  of  a  centre  and  two  wings. 
The  length  of  the  whole  is  352  feet;  depth  of  the  wings,  121  feet; 
height  to*  the  top  of  the  dome,  1*20  feet.  The  Senate  chamber,  in  the 
north  wing,  is  a  semi-circle  of  74  feet  in  length,  and  42  in  height. 
The  Representatives'  chamber,  in  the  south  wing,  is  also  a  semi-cir- 
cle, 96  feet  in  length  and  60  in  height.  About  a  mile  and  a  half 
west  of  the  Capitol,  is  the  President's  house,  an  elegant  structure 
of  free-stone,  two  stories  high,  with  a  lofty  basement,  180  feet  long 
by  85  wide.  Near  it  are  four  elegant  brick  buildings,  occupied  by 
the  Secretaries  or  Heads  of  Departments. 

PHILADELPHIA  is,  next  to  New  \  ork,  the  largest  city  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  the  extent,  variety,  and  value  of  its  manufactures,  is 
the  first  city  in  the  Union.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Schuylkill,  six  miles  above  their  confluence,  and  by  the 
course  of  the  Delaware  river  and  bay,  120  miles  from  the  ocean.  Its 
commerce  is  very  extensive,  and  ships  of  the  line  can  sail  up  to  the 
city.  It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  and  is  probably  the  most  regular  and 
uniform  city  in  the  world.  The  streets  are  handsomely  paved,  broad, 
and  pleasant,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  kept  remark- 
ably clean.  The  houses  are  neatly  built  of  brick,  three  stories  high, 
ornamented  with  marble  steps  and  window  sills.  Philadelphia  is 
abundantly  supplied  with  excellent  water  from  the  Schuylkill.  Water 
wheels,  turned  by  the  river,  are  employed  to  force  the  water  up  into 
extensive  reservoirs,  situated  on  the  top  of  Fairmount,  whence  it  is 
distributed  to  every  part  of  the  city.  The  scenery  around  the  water- 
works, including  Fairmount,  with  its  six  reservoirs,  resembling  so 
many  beautiful  lakes,  is  truly  enchanting. 

The  water  supplying  the  suburbs  of  Spring  Garden  and  Northern 
Liberties,  is  raised  from  the  river  by  means  of  steam,  a  separate  sys- 
tem of  water- works  having  recently  been  constructed. 

The  Schuylkill  is  crossed  at  Fairmount  by  a  handsome  wire  sus- 
pension bridge,  343  feet  in  length,  being  the  first  of  the  kind  which 
has  been  constructed  in  this  country. 

BALTIMORE In  the  interior  part  of  Maryland,  on  the  north  bank 

of  the  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake 
Bay — has  a  population  of  120,000.  As  a  market  for  tobacco,  it  is 
second  to  no  other,  and  is  the  greatest  flour  market  in  the  World. 
It  is  situated  93  miles  south-west  of  Philadelphia,  and  38  north-east 
of  Washington.  It  has  communication  by  railroad  not  only  with 
Philadelphia  and  Washington,  but  with  Annapolis,  Frederick,  Har- 
per's Ferry,  York,  Columbia,  Lancaster,  Harrisburg,  Carlisle,  Cham- 
bersburg,  and  Hagerstown. 

CINCINNATI. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Ohio — on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Ohio  river — 455  miles  below  Pittsburg — and  1447  miles  by 
the  course  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers,  above  New  Orleans, 


50 

It  has  a  population  of  60,000 — is  the  largest  city  in  the  Western 
States — and  the  greatest  pork  market  in  the  United  States.  From 
300,000  to  400,000  head  of  swine  are  slaughtered  here  every  winter. 
The  Miami  Canal,  180  miles  long — connects  Cincinnati  with  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  at  Defiance,  on  the  Maumee  river. 

BOUNDARIES. 

When  bounding  countries,  States,  &c.,  a  map  or  atlas,  should  be  suspended 
or  spread  before  the  class,  the  book  being  refered  to  merely  as  a  guide  in 
reference  to  the  order  in  which  the  boundaries  should  first  be  given,  and 
then  reversed. 

MAINE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Canada  East,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  St.  John's  river — on  the  east  by  New  Brunswick,  from 
which  it  is  partly  separated  by  St.  Croix  river — on  the  south  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — on  the  west  and  north-west  by  New  Hampshire  and 
Canada  East. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west,  by 
Canada  East  and  Vermont — on  the  east  by  Maine  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — on  the  south  by  Massachusetts — on  the  west  by  Vermont, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  Connecticut  river. 

VERMONT  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Canada  East — on  the  east  by 
New  Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Connecticut  river — 
on  the  south  by  Massachusetts — on  the  west  by  New  York,  from 
which  it  is  partly  separated  by  Lake  Champlain. 

MASSACHUSETTS  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  V.,  N.  H.,  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — on  the  east  by  the  A.  O. — on  the  south  by  the  A. 
O.,  R.  I.,  and  C. — and  on  the  west  by  N.  Y. 

RHODE  ISLAND  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Mass. — on  the 
south  by  the  A.  O. — and  on  the  west  by  Conn. 

CONNECTICUT  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mass. — on  the  east  by 
R.  I. — on  the  south  by  L.  I.  Sd. — and  on  the  west  by  N.  Y. 

NEW  YORK  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west  by  L.  Ontario 
and  Canada,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  St.  Lawrence  river — 
on  the  east  by  Vt.,  Mass.,  and  Conn. — being  partly  separated  from 
Vermont  by  L.  Champlain — on  the  south  by  N.  J.  and  Pa. — on  the 
west  by  Pa.,  L.  Erie,  L.  Ontario,  and  Canada  West,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Niagara  river. 

NEW  JERSEY  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  N.  Y. — on  the  east  by 
N.  Y.,  Staten  Island  Sound  and  the  A.  Ocean.  (Hudson  river  and 
Staten  Island  Sd.  separating  it  from  N.  Y.) — on  the  south  by  the  A. 
0.  and  Delaware  Bay — and  on  the  west  by  Del.  and  Pa.,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Delaware  R. 

PENNSYLVANIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  L.  E.  and  N.  Y. — on 
the  east  by  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Del. 
R. — on  the  south  by  Del.,  Md.,  and  Va. — and  on  the  west  by  Va. 
and  O. 

OHIO  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mich,  and  L.  E. — on  the  east  by 
Pa.  and  Va. — on  the  south-east  and  south  by  Va.  and  Ky.,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  O.  R. — and  on  the  west  by  Ind. 

INDIANA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mich.  L.  and  Mich.  State — on 
the  east  by  O.  and  Ky. — on  the  south-east  and  south  by  Ky,  from 


57 

whirh  it  is  separated  by  the  O.   R. — and   on  the  west  by  111.,  from 
which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Wabash  river. 

ILLINOIS  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wis. — on  the  east  by  Mich.  L. 
Ind.  and  Ky.  (being  partly  separated  from  Ind.  by  the  Wabash  R.)— 
on  the  south  and  south-west  by  Ky.  and  Mo.,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  O.  and  Miss,  rivers,  and  on  the  west  by  Mo.  and  Iowa,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  Miss.  R. 

MISSOURI  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Iowa — on  the  east  by  111.,  Ky. 
and  Tenn.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Miss.  R. — on  the  south  by 
Ark. — and  on  the  west  by  Indian  Ter.  from  which  it  is  partly  separated 
by  Mo.  R. 

IOWA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Minesota  Ter.,  on  the  east  by 
Wis.  and  111.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Miss.  R. — on  the  south 
by  Ark. — and  on  the  west  by  Indian  and  Minesota  Ters.,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  Mo.  and  Sioux  Rs. 

WISCONSIN  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-east  by  L.  Superior 
and  the  northern  Peninsula  of  Mich,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Mennomonie  and  Montreal  Rs. — on  the  east  by  Mich.  L. — on  the  south 
by  111. — and  on  the  west  by  Iowa  and  Minesota  Ter.,  being-  separated 
from  Iowa,  and  partly  from  Minesota  Ter.  by  Miss.  R.  and  St.  Croix 
L.  and  R. 

MICHIGAN  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  L.  Superior — on  the  north- 
east and  east  by  Huron  L.  and  Canada  West  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  St.  Mary's,  St.  Glair,  and  Detroit  rivers — on  the  south  by  O.  and 
Ind. — on  the  west  and  north-west  by  Mich.  L.  and  L.  Superior,  and 
the  northern  Peninsula — on  the  south-west  by  Wisconsin,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  Mennomonie  and  Montreal  rivers. 

DELAWARE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Pa. — on  the  east  by  N.  J., 
Del.  Bay,  and  the  A.  Ocean — and  on  the  south  and  west  by  Mary- 
land. 

MARYLAND  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Pa.  and  Del. — on  the  east 
by  Del.  and  the  A.  O. — on  the  south,  south-west,  and  west,  by  Va., 
from  which  it  is  mostly  separated  by  the  Potomac  river. 

VIRGINIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Pa.  and  Md. — on  the  north- 
east and  east  by  Md.  and  the  A.  O.,  being  mostly  separated  from 
Md.  by  the  Potomac  river — on  the  south  by  N.  C.  and  Tenn. — on  the 
west  and  north-west  by  Ky.  and  O.,  being  separated  from  O.  by  O. 
river,  and  partly  from  Ky.  by  Big  Sandy  R. 

NORTH  CAROLINA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Va. — on  the  east  and 
south-east  by  the  A.  O. — on  the  south-west  and  south  by  S.  C.  and 
Ga. — and  on  the  west  by  Tenn. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-east  by  N.  C. — 
on  the  south-east  by  the  A.  O. — and  on  the  south-west  and  west  by 
Ga.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Savannah  R. 

GEORGIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Tenn.  and  N.  C. — on  the  north- 
east and  east  by  S.  C.  and  the  A.  O.,  being  separated  from  S.  C.  by 
Savannah  R. — on  the  south  by  Florida — and  on  the  west  by  Florida 
and  Ala.,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  Chattahoochee  R. 

FLORIDA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ala.  and  Ga. — on  the  east  by 
the  A.  O. — on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Ala. 

ALABAMA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Tenn. — on  the  east  by  Ga., 
from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  Chattahocchee  R. — on  the  south 
ny  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — and  on  the  west  by  Miss. 


58 

MISSISSIPPI  is  bounded  on  the  north  bj  Tenn. — on  the  east  by 
Ala — on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  La. — and  on  the  west 
by  La.  and  Ark.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Pearl  and  Miss, 
rivers. 

LOUISIANA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ark.  and  Miss. — on  the  east 
by  Miss,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  being  separated  from  Miss,  by  Miss. 
and  Pearl  rivers — on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — and  on  the 
west  by  Texas,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  Sabine  R. 

ARKANSAS  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mo. — on  the  east  by  Mo., 
Tenn.,  and  Miss.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  St.  Francis  and  Miss, 
rivers — on  the  south  by  La. — and  on  the  west  by  Texas  and  Indian 
Terr. 

TENNESSEE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ky.  and  Va. — on  the  east 
by  N.  C.— -  on  the  south  by  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Miss. — and  on  the  west 
by  Ark.  and  Mo.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Miss.  R. 

KENTUCKY  is  bounded  on  the  north-west  and  north  by  111.,  Ind., 
and  O.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Ohio  R. — and  on  the  east  by 
Va.,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  Big  Sandy  R. — on  the  soutii 
by  Tenn. — and  on  the  west  by  Mo.  and  111".,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  Miss,  and  O.  rivers. 


PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS 


ON  THE 


MAP   OF    THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Where  is  the 
Penobscot  R. 
Potomac  R. 
Santee  R. 
Savannah  R. 
Green  R. 
Galveston  B. 
York  R. 
Schuylkill  R. 
Vacassar  B. 
Alleghany  Mts. 
Delaware  B. 
C.FearR. 
Muskingum  R. 
Juniata  R. 
Buzzard's  B. 
Casco'B. 
Chesapeake  B. 
Saco  R. 
Yazoo  R. 


Licking  R. 
Oneida  L. 
Vineyard  Sd. 
Sabine  R. 
Saginaw  B. 
Winnipiseogee  L. 
Brazos  R. 
Mobile  B. 
Albemarle  Sound. 
Green  Mts. 
New  Inlet. 
Mohawk  R. 
Roanoke  R. 
L.  Island  Sound. 
Pensacola  B. 
Genesee  R. 
Big  Sandy  R. 
Tar  R. 
Miami  R. 
C.  Cod. 


Rappahannock  R. 
Skeneateles  L. 
Moosehead  L. 
Flint  R. 
Wabash  R. 
L.  Erie. 
Muscle  Shoals. 
Muscongus  B. 
L.  Champlain. 
Mars  Hill. 
C.  Hatteras. 
Black  Mt. 
Black  Hills. 
Seneca  L. 
Delaware  R. 
Grand  R. 
Rum  R. 
Wachusett  Mt. 
C.  Henry. 
Pearl  R. 


59 


Tatties  R. 

Colorado  R. 

Rock  R. 

Nantucket  I. 

Arkansas  R. 

C.  Lookout. 

Barataria  B. 

Gr.  Pedee  R. 

Mt.  Holyoke. 

Connecticut  R. 

L.  Nepissing. 

C.  Romans. 

Itasca  L. 

White  Mts. 

Isle  of  Shoals. 

Mohegan  Mts. 

Kaskaskia  R. 

Mt.  Desert  I. 

Pictured  Rocks. 

L.  Okechobee. 

Elizabeth's  I. 

L.  Memphramagog. 

Tombigbee  R. 

Penobscot  B. 

St.  Joseph's  R. 
Ozark  Mts. 
Catskill  Mts. 

Martha's  Vineyard. 
Platte  R. 
Temiscouata  L. 

How  do  the  waters  of 
Green  Bay  reach  tht 

Ohio  R. 

Mt.  Hood. 

ocean  ? 

Til'           •        TV 

Mississippi  R. 
Missouri  R. 
Altamaha  R. 
Chesuncook  L. 
L.  Michigan. 
Spirit  L. 

L.  George. 
Philadelphia. 
C.  Henlopen. 
Cincinnati. 
Des  Moines  R. 
Alabama  R. 

Illinois  it. 
Red  R. 
Hudson  R. 
Chattahoochee  R. 
Tennessee  R. 
Merrimack  R. 

Baltimore. 

Black  B. 

JNeuse  R. 

Thunder  Bay. 

Passamaquoddy  B. 

Bound  Pa. 

Osage  R. 

Matagorda  B. 

Block  I. 

Yellow  Stone  R. 

Mt.  Katahdin. 

Washington  City. 

PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS 


MAP  OF  N.  AMERICA  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Where  is  the 
Coronation  G. 
Charlotte  Harbour. 
Sts.  of  Bellisle. 
Amatique  B. 
Arctic  Highlands. 
Koksak  R. 
Severn  R. 
Penobscot  R. 
Potomac  R. 
Santee  R. 
Savannah  R. 
Great  Whale  R. 
Mt.  St.  Elias. 
Bay  of  Fundy. 
Chesterfield  Inlet. 
Great  Salt  L. 
Cosiguina  Mt. 
Green  R. 
Calveston  B. 
York  R. 
Schuylkill  R. 
Vacassar  B. 


L.  Chelekhof, 

(or  Shelekhof.) 
Water  Volcano. 
L.  Mistissinny. 
Alleghany  Mts. 
Gulf  of  California. 
L.  of  the  Woods. 
Hudson's  B. 
Delaware  B. 
Cape  Fear  R. 
Muskingum  R. 
Juniata  R. 
Smith's  Sd. 
Cook's  Inlet. 
Bay  of  Honduras. 
Scioto  B. 
Buzzard's  B. 
Casco  B. 
Chesapeake  B. 
Saco  B. 
Yazoo  R. 
Licking  R. 
Gulf  of  Tehuantepec. 


L.  Chapala. 
Gut  of  Canseau, 

(or  Canso.) 
C    Elizabeth. 
Pr.  Edward's  I. 
Oneida  L. 
Vineyard  Sd. 
Sabine  R. 
Saginaw  B. 
\Vinnipiseogee  L. 
Brazos  R. 
Mobile  B. 
C.  Chudleigh. 
C.  Race. 

Snowy  Range  Mts. 
Disco  I. 
Com  Is. 
Kodiak  I. 
King's  C. 
Albemarle  Sd. 
Green  Mts. 
New  Inlet. 
Mohawk  R. 


Roanoke  R. 

Davy's  Sd. 

C.  Brewster. 

Tampa  B.  . 

Musquito  B. 

Sitka  I. 

L.  Caniapuscaw. 

Long  Island  Sd. 

Pensacola  B. 

Genesee  R. 

Big-  Sand  R. 

TarR. 

0.  Cod. 

Miami  R. 

Tule  Lakes. 

C.  St.  John. 

James  B. 

Mt.  Hooker. 

C.  Sable. 

C.  Closterbay. 

Shoomagin  I. 

Gulf  of  Georgia. 

Southampton  I. 

Nantucket  I. 

Rappahannock  R. 

Skeneateles  L. 

Moosehead  L. 

C.  Corrientes. 

C.  Walsingham. 

Albany  R. 

Str.  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Flint  R. 

Wabash  R. 

L.  Erie. 

Muscle  Shoals. 

Muscongus  B. 


L.  Champlain. 
Mars  Hill. 
L.  Nicarao-ua. 
Antjcosti  I. 
I.  of  Pines. 
Melville  I. 
C.  St.  Lewis. 
Gr.  Bear  L. 
Ungava  B. 

B.  of  Campeachy, 
(or  Campeche.) 

Ottawa  R. 

C.  St.  Antonio. 
C.  Hatteras. 
C.  Catoche. 
Black  Mt. 
Black  Hills. 
Seneca  L. 
Delaware  R. 
Grand  R. 
Rum  R. 
Wachusett  Mt. 
Richmond  G. 

Pr.  William's  Sd. 
C.  Mendocino. 
Bahama  Is. 
Mt.  Hooker. 
C.  Henry. 
Pictured  Rocks. 
Pearl  R. 
Sabine  R. 
Nantucket  I. 
Barataria  B. 
Savannah  R. 
Connecticut  R. 
Itasca  L. 


L.  Memphramagog. 
Popocatapetl  Mt. 
Great  Slave  L. 
Jan  Mayen  I. 
Nunnivack  I. 
Fox  Channel. 
Ardencaple  Inlet. 
Iceland. 

Vineyard  Sound. 
Chatham  B. 
Cumberland  R. 
St.  Joseph's  R. 
Salt  R. 
Brazos  R. 
Behring's  Str. 
Jamaica  I. 
Guanaxuato  T. 
Quebec. 
Illinois  R. 
Chattahoochee  R. 
Red  R. 
Hudson  R. 
Trinidad  I. 
Rocky  Mts. 
Tennessee  R. 
Merrimack  R. 

Bound  Pa. 
Massachusetts. 
Ohio. 

New  York. 
Neuse  R. 
Block  I. 
Piatte  R. 
Mt.  Jorullo. 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  EUROPE. 


Lapland.  Naples,  Naples  — 

Finland.  Pope'dorn,  Rome. 

Russia,     St.      Peters-  San  Marino,  (san-ma- 

burg  —  ree'no,)  S.  Marino. 

Austria,  Vienna,  Tuscany,  Florence. 

(ve-en'na.)  Lombardy  and  Ven'ice 

Turkey,   Constantino'-      Mil'an  — 

pie  —  Mod'ena,  )  AT    , 

Greece,  Ath'ens.  Lucca,      $  lV1 

Italy  Parma,  Parma. 


Sardinia,  Turin  — 
Switzerland,       Berne, 

Lucerne',    Zu'rich  — 
France,  Parts. 
Spain,  Madrid'  — 
Portugal,  Lisbon. 
Ireland,  Dublin. 
Scotland,  Edinburgh- 

(ed'-in-buruh.) 
Wales. 


England,  London. 
Germany,  Frankfort — 
Bel'gium,  Brussels. 
Holland,  Hague. 
Han'over,  Hanover — 
Oldenburg,  Oldenburg 
Holstein,  Gluckstadt- 

(hol'stine.)  " 
Meck'lenburg   Schwe- 

rin,  Schwerin — 

(shwa-reen'.) 
Mecklinburg,  Strel'its, 

New  Strelitz — 
Saxe  Weimar,  Weimar, 

(sax-wi'mar.) 


Saxe    Al'tcnburg,   Al- 
tenburg. 

Saxe  Coburg,  Groth*b— 

Saxe  Meiningen,  Mei 
ningen — 
(sax-mi'ning-en.) 

Hesse  Cassel,  Cassel, 
(hes-kas'sl.) 

Westpha'lia,  Munster- 

Nas'sau,  Wlsbad'en. 

Hesse  Homburg,  Horn- 
fa  urg — 

Hesse          Darmstadt, 
Darmstadt. 


Luxemburg,     Luxem 

b  u  rg  — 

Bad'en,  Carlsruhe, 
' 


mberg.) 
Stutt'gard. 
Bavaria,  Munich. 
Saxony,  Dresden  — 
Prussia,  Ber'lin. 
Poland,  Warsaw. 
Sweden,  Stockholm. 
Norway,  Christian'ia- 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 


Arctic  Ocean. 
White  Sea,  400  m.  1. 
Tcheskaya  Gulf — 

(ches-ki'a.) 
Sea  of  Az'of,  200  m.  1. 

(or  Azov.) 
Str.  of  Yenikale,  2, 

(yen-e-kal'a.) 

(or  Enikale.) 
Black  Sea,  760  m.  1.— 
G.  of  Burgas, 

(boor'gas.) 

Channel  of  Constanti- 
nople, 1£  m.  w. 
Sea  of  Moi'mora,  150 — 
Str.  of  Dardanelles,  2. 
Archipelago. 
Gulf  of  Ath'ens — 
Mediterranean       Sea, 

2250  m.  1. 
G.  of  Ven'ice,  500. 
Str.  of  Ostran'to — 
G.  of  Tar'anto. 
Str.  of  Messina,  2. 

(mes-see'nah.) 
Orosei  G. — 

(o-ro-sa'e.) 
Str.  of  Bonifacio. 
G.  of  Gen'oa. 
L.  Gar'da,  35  m.  1. 
L.  Gene'va,  47. 
L.  Constance,  45. 
G.  of  Lyons — 


Str.  of  Gibraltar,  15. 
Atlantic  Ocean. 
Bay  of  Biscay — 
English  Channel. 
Str.  of  Dover,  21  m.w. 
St. George's  Channel — 
Bristol  Channel. 
Irish  Sea,  130  m.  1., 

100  w. 
North  Channel,  12  m. 

w. — 
Donegal  Bay, 

(don-e-gaul'.) 
Galway  Bay, 

(gal'way.) 
Dingle  Bay. 
Kenmare  B. 
Bantry  B. — 
The  M  inch  Channel- 
Murray  Frith. 
Frith  of  Forth. 
Sol  way  Frith — 
Frith  of  Clyde. 
North  Sea,  450  m.  w. 
Zuyder  Zee — 

(zi'der-zee.) 
Skager  Rack. 
Cattegat. 

L.  Wen'er,  80  m.  L— 
L.  Wet'ter,  70. 
L.  Maelar,  70. 

(ma'lar.) 

(or  Maelaren.) 
6 


Baltic  Sea,  800m.  1 — 

G.  of  Dant'zic. 

Gulf  of  Both'nia,  430 

m.  1. 

G.  of  Finland,  280— 
G.  of  Riga, 

(ree'ga.) 
L.  Peipus,  90, 

(pa'e-pooce.) 
L.  ll'man — 
L.  Lado'ga,  130. 
L.  One'ga,  150. 
L.  Top— 
L.  Purus, 

(poo'rus.) 
L.  Kalla. 
L.  Enarc — 

(en-ah-ra'.) 
Drontheim,  (or  Trond 

jem)  Fiord. 
Bergen  Bay. 
Bukke  Fiord. 

RIVERS, 

One'ga,  3. 
Dwi'na,  7. 
Souko'na — 
Vitchegda, 

(ve-tshegMah.) 
Mezene,  4, 

(mez-ain'.) 
Petchora,  6 — 

(petch-o'ra.) 


Volga,  20. 
Biela,  (be-a'lah.) 

Meuse,  4. 
Rhine,  9£. 

Milo,  (me'lo.) 
Cerigo,  (tsher'e-go.) 

Kam'a— 

Ems,  1  — 

Ionian  Is.  — 

Viatka,  4£. 

Weser,  3. 

Zan'te. 

(ve-afkah.) 

Elbe,  6. 

Cephalo'nia. 

Moskwa, 

Oder,  4£— 

Corfu—  (kor-foo'.) 

(or  Moskva.) 

Warta, 

Malta. 

Oka— 

(or  Wartha,)  3. 

Sicily. 

Medviedit'sa. 

Yis'tula,  5^. 

Lip'ari  Is.  — 

Kho'per. 

Bug,  3—  (boog.) 

Sardinia. 

Don,  10  — 

Niemen,  4. 

Cor'sica. 

Donetz',  4£. 

(nee'men.) 

Elba— 

Dnieper,  10, 

Duna,  3£. 

Bal-e-ar'ic  Is. 

(nee'  per.) 

^Umea,  2^— 

Minor'ca. 

Desna,  4  — 

(oo'me-o.) 

Major'ca  — 

Prip'ets,  4$. 

Kemi,  (ka'me.) 

Iviga,  (e-vee'sah.) 

(or  Prypetz.) 

Tornea,  24. 

Jersey. 

Boa,  4. 

Kal'ix,  2i— 

Guernsey  — 

Dniester,  5  — 

Lu'lea,  2. 

Alderney. 

(nees'ter.) 

Skellef  tea,  2. 

Sark. 

Pruth.  4. 

Indals,  1^— 

Scilly  Is. 

IWube,  16. 

Ljusne, 

I.  of  Wight. 

Theiss,  4i  — 

(lyoos'na.) 

Ang'lesea  — 

(tice.) 

Dal,  3,  (or  Dahl.) 

I.  of  Man. 

Inn. 

Clara,  2i. 

Achil,  (ak'il.) 

Drave,  4. 

Gloramen,  2^. 

Hebrides  Is.  — 

Save,  5  — 

Thames,  2. 

(heb'rid-ez.) 

Marit'za, 

Severn,  2— 

Mull. 

(or  Marissa.) 

Humber. 

Skye. 

Ti'ber,  1$. 

Shannon,  2. 

South  Uist, 

Ar'no. 

Bann  — 

(wist.) 

Po,  4£— 

Boyne. 

North  Uist  — 

Rhone,  5$. 

Barrow. 

Lewis. 

Saone. 

Tweed— 

Ork'ney. 

E'bro,  3|— 

Tay. 

Pomo'na  — 

Guadalquiv'ir,  4. 

Spey. 

Shet'land  Is. 

Guadia'na,  5. 

Clyde.— 

Mainland. 

Tagus,  5^  — 

Far'oe  Is.  — 

Mondego, 

ISLANDS, 

Osteroe. 

(mon-da'go.) 

Cyprus. 

Stro'moe. 

Douro, 

Rliodes. 

Su'deroe  — 

(or  Duero,)  4£. 

Can'dia, 

•  Qual'oe. 

Minho,  (meen'yo,) 

(or  Crete)  — 

So'roe. 

(or  Mino,)  1£  — 

Samos. 

Senjen  — 

Gironde,  3.  (je-rond'.) 

Scio,  (shee'o.) 

Lang/oe. 

Garonne,  (gah-ron'.) 

(or  Chios.) 

Loffo'den  Is. 

Dordogne  — 

Metelin— 

Vigten  — 

Loire,  6£.  (Iwor.) 

(met-e-leen'.) 

Hit'teren 

Seine,  4i.  (sane.) 

Lemnos. 

Funen. 

Scheldt, 

Neg'ropont. 

Zealand  — 

(or  Schelde,)  2. 

Naxia  — 

Born'holm. 

A  in  Swedish  is  pronounced  like  English  o. 


Rugen. 

Oland— 

Gothland. 

Oesel,  (e'sel.) 

Al'and. 

Dag'o. 


Matapan' — 
Passaro, 

(pas'sah-ro.) 
Teulada, 

(too-lah'dalO 
St.  Antonio — 
De  Gatt. 
St.  Vin'cent. 
Finistere — 

(fin-is-lair*.) 


MOUNTAINS, 

Dovrefield, 

(do-vre-fe-eld',) 

(or  Dofrafield,  7600  Or'tegal. 

f.  h.  Land's  End. 

Scandinavian  Mts.        Clear. 
Ural   Mts.,  1400  in.  1.  The  Naze— 

4000  f.  h. 
Carpathian  Mts.,  8600  Towns  on  theDanube  R. 

f.  h. 

Balkan'  Mts.700m.l. 
Alps  Mts.,  700  m.  1.— 
Mt.  Blanc,  15,533  f.  h. 
Ap'ennine  Mts.,  11,000  ^a" 

4reS   Mts.,  5292  °f™^ 

£  h'        , ,  Pesth. 

(sa-venn'.)  Belgrade' 

Auvergne   Mts.,  6470  wid'in-' 


Tol'edo. 
Madrid7. 

Douro 
Oporto. 
Valladolid'. 
Burgos, 

(boorVas.) 
So'ria. 


Nicopoli, 

(ne-kop'o-le.) 
Roos'-tchook. 
Sil-is'tria. 
Ibraila, 

(e-brah-ee'lah.) 
Ismail — ' 

(is-mah-eel'.) 


f.  h. 

(o-vern'.) 

Montserrat,  3939  f.  h. 
Pyrenees  Mts. — 
Vesuvius,  3932  f.  h. 
Etna,  10,870  f.  h. 
Stromboli,  2882  f.  h. 

(strom'bo-le.) 
Sierra  Nevada, 

se-er'rah-ne-vah'dah. 
Mulahacen,  1 1,678  f.h.  ^       ,  Erbo  R- 

(moo-lah-ah-then'O    J;ortosa/ 
Sierra    More'na,   5883  Sara£os  sa'    (or 

f.  h.  g°za«) 

Sierra  Guadalupe'.         Vittona. 
Sierra   Estrel'la,  8520 

f.  h.  Guadalquiwr  R 

Canta'brian  Mts.,  11,-  Sev'ille. 

200  f.  h.  Cor'dova. 

Grampian  Hills. 
Cheviot  Hills, 

(tshiv'e-ut.) 
Mt.  Snowdon,  3570 — 


Zara- 


Xeres  de  la  Fontera. 
(ha'res-da-lah-fron- 
ta'rah.) 


CAPES, 

North. 

Sviatoi,  (svee-a-toi'.) 


Tagus  R. 
Lisbon. 
Talaveia. 

(tah-lahva'rah.) 


Garonne  R. 
Bordeaux,  (bor-do'.) 

(or  Bourdeaux.) 
Montauban'. 
Toulouse, 

(too-looz'.) 

Loire  R. 
N»antes,  (nants.) 
An'gers, 
Tours,  (toor.) 
Orleans. 
Bourges. 
Limoges. 

Seine  R. 
Havre,  (ha/r.) 
Rouen,  (roo'en.) 
Rheims. 
Chalons. 
Troyes. 
Paris. 

Rhine  R. 
Leyden,  (or  Leiden.) 

(li'den.) 
Rotterdam. 
Cologne,  (ko-lone'.) 
Mentz. 
Manheim. 
Stras'burg. 
Basel— 
Schaffhausen, 

(shaff-how'zen.) 

Elbe  R. 
Hamburg. 

Al'tona,  (or  Altena.) 
Mag/deburg. 
Dresden. 
Prague. 


64 


Leipsic,  (or  Leipzig,) 
(lipe'sik.) 

Gron'ing-en  — 
Amsterdam. 

Liverpool. 
Manchester  — 

Halle,  (hal'leh.) 

Rotterdam. 

Norwich. 

Ant'werp. 

Yarmouth. 

Oder.  R. 

Liege 

Durham. 

Bres'lau. 

Ghent. 

Sunderland. 

Frankfort. 

Lille,  (leel.) 

New  Castle. 

Stettin. 

Waterloo. 

Carlisle— 

Vistula  R. 

Gulf  of  Lyons. 

Ireland. 

Cra'cow. 

Narbonne, 

Sli'go. 

Warsaw. 

(nar-bonn;.) 

Gal  way. 

Thorn,  (torn.) 

Montpel'lier. 

Lim'erick. 

Dant'zic,  (o.r  Danzig.) 

Marseilles, 

Yonghall,  (yawl.) 

(mar-sailz'.) 

Cork. 

Sicily  I. 

Toulon,  (too-lon'.) 

Kinssale'. 

Messina, 

Killar'ney  — 

(mes-see'nah.) 

England. 

Londonderry. 

Syr'acuse. 

Tun'bridge. 

Belfast7. 

Catania, 

Maid'stone. 

Armagh'. 

(kah-tah'ne-ah.) 

Chatham,  (chat'um.) 

Newry. 

Girgenti,  (  jeer-jen'te.) 
Marsala, 

Margate,  (mar'get.) 
Canterbury. 

Dundalk. 
Drogheda, 

(mar-sah'lah.) 

Dover. 

(droh'he-da.) 

Trapani, 

Brigh'ton. 

Wex'ford. 

(trah'pah-ne.) 

Portsmouth. 

Waterford. 

Palermo. 

Plym'outh. 

Clonmell'— 

Ex'eter. 

Spain. 

Taunton,  (tan'tun.) 

Scotland. 

Cadez,  (ka'diz.) 

Bristol. 

Green'ock. 

Gibraltar. 

Bath. 

Glas'gow. 

Mal'aga. 

Cheltenham, 

Paisley. 

Granada, 

(tshelt'num.) 

Kilmar'nock. 

(gran-ah'da.) 

Birmingham, 

Edinburgh. 

Cartage'na. 
Valencia. 

(bir'ining-um.) 
Leicester,  (les'ter.) 

Perth. 
Dundee'  — 

Barcelo'na. 

Nottingham, 

Montrose'. 

(not'ting-um.) 

Aberdeen'. 

Lu'beck. 

Hull. 

Banff. 

Ham'burg 

York. 

El'gin. 

Brem'en. 

Leeds. 

Inverness'  — 

ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 

ON 

THE   MAP   OF    EUROPE. 

BODIES  OF  WATER. 

ARCTIC  OCEAN. — Surrounds  the  North  Pole — and  borders  on  the 
northern  part  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America — is  of  a  circular 
form,  being  more  than  3000  miles  in  diameter.  Near  the  Pole  it  is 
covered  with  vast  immovable  fields  and  mountains  of  ice.  In  70° 
there  is  usually  floating1  masses,  called  icebergs,  at  all  seasons.  The 
appearance  of  these — sometimes  600  feet  high,  and  glittering  in  the 
sunbeams — is  grand  and  beautiful — but  dangerous  to  navigation. 

WHITE  SEA. — In  the  northern  part  of  Russia — is  400  miles  long. 
Onega,  Dwina,  and  Mezene  rivers  flow  into  it. 

TCHESKAYA  GULF. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Russia — a  part  of 
the  Arctic  Ocean. 

SEA  OF  AZOF. — In  the  southern  part  of  Russia,  north  of  the  Black 
Sea — bordering  on  the  south-western  part  of  Asiatic  Russia — is  '200 
miles  long.  The  Don  river  flows  into  it,  and  the  town  of  Taganrog 
is  situated  on  it,  and  has  a  population  of  18,000. 

STR.  OF  YENIKALE. — Separates  tlie  Peninsula  of  Crimea  from 
Circassia,  in  Asia — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Azof  uLk 
the  Black  Sea — it  is  two  miles  wide. 

BLACK  SEA. — Borders  on  the  southern  part  of  Russia — the  eastern. 
part  of  Turkey — the  northern  part  of  Asia  Minor — and  the  western 
part  of  Georgia,  in  Asia.  It  is  760  miles  long — greatest  width  400 
miles — area  160,000  square  miles.  The  Danube,  Dneister,  Bog,  and 
Dneiper  rivers  flow  into  it.  It  is  connected  with  the  Sea  of  Azof  by 
the  Str.  of  Yenikale,  and  with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  by  the  Chan,  of 
Constantinople.  The  town  of  Odes'sa  is  situated  on  its  north-west 
coast — has  a  population  of  69,000. 

GULF  OF  BURGAS. — In  the  eastern  uart  of  Turkey — a  part  of  the 
Black  Sea. 

CHAN.  OF  CONSTANTINOPLE. — Separates  the  eastern  part  of  Turkey 
from  the  north- west&rn  part  of  Asia  Minor — and  connects  the  waters 
of  the  Black  Sea  with  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  1^  miles  wide. 

SEA  OF  MARMORA. — Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Turkey  and 
the  north-western  part  of  Asia  Minor — is  160  miles  long,  and  50 
wide — is  connected  with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Chan,  of  Constant! 
nople,  and  with  the  Grecian  Archipelago  by  the  Str.  of  Dardanelles. 

STR.  OF  DARDANELLES,  OR  HEL'LES-PONT. — Separates  the  most  south- 
ern point  of  the  eastern  part  of  Turkey  from  the  western  part  of  Asia 
Minor — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  Ar- 
chipelago. It  is  two  miles  wide. 

6* 


GO 

ARCHIPELAGO,  or,  THE  ^-GE'AN  SEA. — That  portion  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  which  lies  between  the  eastern  part  of  Greece,  and  west- 
ern part  of  Asia  Minor — and  is  south  of  the  central  part  of  Turkey. 

GULF  OF  ATHENS. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Greece — a  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

MEDITERRANEAN  SEA. — Bounds  Europe  and  Asia  Minor  on  the 
south — Africa  on  the  north — and  Syria  on  the  west — is  connected  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar.  It  is  2*250  miles  long- — 
its  greatest  width  is  1100  miles' — area  690,000  square  miles.  The 
chief  feeders  of  the  Mediterranean  are  the  Ebro,  Rhone,  Po,  Arno, 
Tiber,  Maritza,  and  Nile,  with  the  various  waters  of  the  Danube, 
Dniester,  Bog,  Dneiper,  and  Don  rivers,  brought  from  the  Black  Sea, 
by  the  strong  current  which  sets  west  through  the  Strait  of  Darda- 
nelles. But  notwithstanding  this  vast  supply,  the  evaporation  is  so 
rapid,  that  water  constantly  passes  in  through  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 
to  restore  the  equilibrium. 

GULF  OF  VENICE. — Borders  on  the  south-western  part  of  Austria — 
western  part  of  Turkey,  north-eastern  part  of  Naples  and  Poped  ora — 
and  forms  an  eastern  and  south-eastern  boundary  of  Lombardy  and 
Venice — is  500  miles  long.  The  Po  river  flows  into  it.  The  city 
of  Venice  is  situated  at  the  head  of  it,  on  72  small  islands,  connected 
by  500  bridges — has  a  population  of  100,000.  Nearly  all  the  inter- 
course of  the  place  is  carried  on  by  means  of  canals,  which  intersect 
every  part  of  the  city — and  gondolas  are  the  universal  substitute  for 
carriages  and  horses. 

STR.  OF  OTRANTO. — Separates  the  south-western  part  of  Turkey 
from  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples — and  connects 
the  Gulf  of  Venice  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  town  of  Otranto 
in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Naples,  is  situated  on  it — aad  has  a  popu- 
lation of  2000. 

GULF  OF  TARANTO. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples — a  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  town  of  Taranto  is 
situated  on  it — and  has  a  population  of  20,000. 

STR.  OF  MESSINA. — Separates  the  north-eastern  part  of  Sicily  from 
the  south-western  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples — is  a  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  and  two  miles  wide. 

OROSEI  GULF. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Sardinia  island — a  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

STR.  OF  BONIFACIO. — Separates  the  islands  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia — 
is  a  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

GULF  OF  GENOA. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sar- 
dinia— a  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  city  of  Genoa,  the 
birth-place  of  Christopher  Columbus,  is  situated  on  it — and  has  a 
population  of  115,000. 

LAKE  GARDA. — In  the  interior  part  of  Lombardy  and  Venice — is 
connected  by  an  outlet  with  the  Po  river.  It  is  35  miles  long. 

L.  GENEVA. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Switzerland — 47  miles 
long,  9  wide,  and  900  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is  1150  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean.  The  Rhone  river  flows  through  it.  The  city  of 
Geneva  is  situated  at  its  south-western  extremity — has  a  population 
of  30,000,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  watches. 

L.  CONSTANCE. — Between  the  north-eastern  part  of  Switzerland  and 
the  southern  part  of  Wirtemburg — extending  into  the  south-eastern 


67 

part  of  Baden.  It  is  45  miles  long,  13  wide,  and  9GI  feet  deep.  Its 
surface  is  1283  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  Rhine  river 
flows  through  it.  The  town  of  Constance  is  situated  on  its  southern 
bank — has  a  population  of  5000. 

GULF  OF  LYONS. — In  the  southern  part  of  France — a  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  The  Rhone  river  flows  into  it.  The  towns  of 
N.,  M.,  M.,  and  T.  are  situated  near  it. 

STR.  OF  GIBRALTAR. — Separates  the  south-western  part  of  Spain 
from  the  northern  part  of  Morocco — connects  the  waters  of  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean — is  15  miles  wide. 

The  rock  of  Gibraltar,  projecting  into  the  strait,  is  the  strongest 
and  most  remarkable  fortress  in  the  world,  forming  a  promontory 
three  miles  in  length,  from  north  to  south,  and -from  1200  to  1400 
feet  high, — besides  other  fortifications  of  extraordinary  strength, 
there  are  two  excavations,  called  galleries — wrought  in  the  solid 
rock — sufficiently  capacious  to  contain  the  whole  garrison  in  time 
of  a  siege.  They  are  narrow,  and  extend  from  two  to  three  miles 
in  length — and  are  mounted  with  heavy  cannon,  at  intervals  of 
every  twelve  yards — there  being  port-holes  on  the  sides  of  the  gal- 
leries. In  fact,  the  whole  rock  is  lined  with  the  most  formidable 
batteries  from  the  water's  edge  to  its  summit — so  that,  if  properly 
victualled  and  garrisoned,  Gibraltar  may  be  said  to  be  impregnable. 
The  town  of  Gibraltar  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  rock,  on  the 
north-west  side — has  a  population  of  20,000. 

BAY  OF  BISCAY. — North  of  Spain,  and  west  of  France — a  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Loire  and  Gironde  rivers  flow  into  it. 

ENGLISH  CHANNEL. — Between  the  southern  part  of  England,  and 
north-western  part  of  France — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is 
connected  with  the  North  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Dover. 

STR.  OF  DOVER. — Separates  the  south-eastern  part  of  England  from 
the  northern  part  of  France — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  English 
Channel  with  the  North  Sea.  It  is  21  miles  wide.  Dover  in  Eng- 
land, and  Cal'ais  in  France  are  situated  on  it. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  CHANNEL. — Separates  the  south-eastern  part  of  Ire- 
land from  the  south-western  part  of  Wales — and  connects  the  waters 
of  the  Irish  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

BRISTOL  CHANNEL. — Between  the  southern  part  of  Wales,  and 
the  northern  part  of  the  south-western  portion  of  England — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 80  miles  long,  and  50  wide.  The  Severn 
river  flows  into  it. 

IRISH  SEA. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  Ireland,  and  western  part 
of  England,  and  southern  part  of  Scotland — 130  miles  long,  and 
100  wide. 

NORTH  CHANNEL. — Separates  the  north-eastern  part  of  Ireland  from 
the  south-western  part  of  Scotland — and  connects  the  waters  of  the 
Irish  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  12  miles  wide. 

DONEGAL  BAY. — In  the  west  of  the  northern  part  of  Ireland — a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  town  of  Donegal  is  situated  on  it — 
has  a  population  of  5000. 

BANTRY,  KENMARE,  AND  DINGLE  BAYS. — In  the  south-western  part 
of  Ireland — parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  towns  of  Bantry  and 
Kenmare  are  situated  on  the  first  and  second. 

GALWAY  BAY. — In  the  western  part  of  Ireland — a  part  of  the  At- 


08 

lantic  Ocean.     The  town  of  Gal  way  is  situated  on  it — has  a  popula- 
tion of  15,000. 

THE  MINCH  CHANNEL. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Scotland 
and  Lewis  island — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

MURRAY  FRITH. — In  the  east  of  the  northern  part  of  Scotland — a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

FRITH  OF  FORTH. — In  the  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Scotland — a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

SOLWAY  FRITH. — Between  the  southern  part  of  Scotland  and  the 
north-western  part  of  England — a  part  of  the  Irish  Sea. 

FRITH  OF  CLYDE. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Scotland — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

NORTH  SEA. — Borders  on  the  eastern  part  of  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land — the  northern  part,  of  France  and  Oldenburg-,  north-western  part 
of  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Hanover — western  part  of  the  Peninsula 
of  Jutland — and  the  south-western  part  of  .Norway — is  450  miles 
wide. 

ZUYDER  ZEE. — In  the  northern  part  of  Holland — a  part  of  the  North 
Sea.  It  is  90  miles  long-,  and  50  wide. 

SKAGER  RACK. — Separates  the  southern  part  of  Norway  from  the 
northern  part  of  Jutland — ai.d  connects  the  Cattegat  with  the  North 
Sea. 

CATTEGAT. — Between  the  south-western  part  of  Sweden — and  north- 
eastern part  of  Jutland — connected  with  the  North  Sea  by  the  Skager 
Rack — and  with  the  Baltic  by  the  Sound,  Great  and  Little  Belts. 

LAKE  WENER.— In  the  south-western  part  of  Sweden — 90  miles 
long,  and  50  wide — is  connected  with  the  Cattegat  by  the  Gotha 
river,  on  which  is  the  town  of  Gotheborg,  (go'te-borg,)  situated  three 
miles  from  its  mouth,  with  a  population  of  29,000. 

L.  WETTER. — In  the  southern  part  of  Sweden — 80  miles  long, 
and  17  wide — connected  by  an  outlet  with  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  also 
with  L.  Wener. 

L.  MALAREN. — In  the  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Sweden — com- 
municating with  the  Baltic  Sea  at  Stockholm.  It  is  70  miles  long. 

BALTIC  SEA. — between  the  eastern  part  of  Sweden — vvestern  part  of 
Russia,  and  northern  part  of  Prussia.  It  is  800  miles  long. 

GULF  OF  DANTZICX. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Prussia — a  pnrt 
of  the  Baltic  Sea.  The  town  of  D.  is  situated  on  it — has  a  popula- 
tion 62,000 — and  the  Vistula  flows  into  it. 

GULF  OF  FINLAND. — In  the  western  part  of  Russia,  south  of  Fin- 
land— a  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  is  280  miles  long,  and  75  wide. 
The  town  of  Croristadt,  situated  on  Retusari  island,  near  the  head  of 
the  gulf — has  a  population  of  40,000. 

GULF  OF  BOTHNIA, — Between  the  eastern  part  of  Sweden,  and  west- 
ern part  of  Finland — comprising  the  northern  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 
It  is  430  miles  long.  The  U.,  K.,  T.,  K.,  L.,  S.,  I.,  L.,  and  L>. 
rivers  flow  into  it. 

GULF  OF  RIGA. — In  the  western  part  of  Russia,  south-west  of  the 
Gulf. of  Finland — is  a  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  The  town  of  Riga  is 
situated  on  the  Duna  river,  which  flows  into  it — and  is  nine  miles 
from  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  60,000. 

L.  PEIPUS. — In  the  western  part  of  Russia,  south,  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet,  called  the  Nar.^ 


G9 

river,  on  which  is  the  town  of  Narva.  This  lake  is  90  miles  long, 
and  30  wide.  The  town  of  Pskof  is  situated  near  its  southern  ex- 
tremity— has  a  population  of  12,000. 

L.  ILMAN. — In  the  western  interior  of  Russia — south  of  Lake  La- 
doga, with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet.  The  town  of  Novgo- 
rod is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  10,000. 

L.  LADOGA. — In  the  western  part  of  Russia — east  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet  called  the  Neva 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  situated  the  city  of  St.  Petersburg, 
with  a  population  of  476,000.  It  is  130  miles  long,  and  75  wide — 
being  the  largest  collection  of  fresh  water  in  Europe. 

L.  ONEGA. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Russia — north-east  of  Lake 
Ladoga,  with  which  it  is  connected,  and  also  with  the  Volga  river — 
140  miles  long,  and  45  wide. 

L.  TOP. — In  the  northern  part  of  Russia — south-west  of  the  White 
Sea. 

Ls.  PURUS  AND  KALLA. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Finland. 

L.  ENARE. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Lapland. 

DRONTHEIM  FIORD. — In  the  western  part  of  Norway — a  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

BERGEN  BAY  AND  BUKKE  FIORD. — In  the  south-western  part  of 
Norway — a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


RIVERS  IN  EUROPE. 


ONEGA  R. — Rises  in  a  small  lake  in  the  northern  interior  of  Rus- 
sia— flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  north-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  north- 
westerly course  into  the  White  Sea.  It  is  300  miles  long.  The 
town  of  Onega  is  situated  at  its  mouth. 

DWINA  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  S.  and  V.  rivers,  in  the 
north-eastern  interior  of  Russia — flows  a  north-westerly  course  into 
the  WThite  Sea,  and  is  700  miles  long.  The  town  of  A.  is  situated 
at  its  rnouth — has  a  population  of  20,000. 

MEZENE  R. — Rises  in  the  north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Russia — flows 
a  north-westerly  course  into  the  W'hite  Sea,  and  is  400  miles  long. 
The  town  of  M.  is  situated  near  its  mouth. 

PETCHORA  R. — Rises  in  the  Ural  mountains,  in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  Russia — flows  first  a  winding  northerly,  then  a.  westerly,  and 
lastly,  a  northerly  course  into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  is  600  miles 
long. 

VOLGA  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of  Russia,  in  57°  of  N. 
latitude,  or  3947  miles  north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  900 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a 
north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly,  then  a  south- 
westerly, and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course.  Its  general  course  be- 
ing south-east,  passing  through  the  interior  part  of  Russia,  forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  European  and  Asiatic  Russia — flows 
into  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  is  2000  miles  long.  A.,  T.,  S.,  S.,  K., 
N.,  K.,  J.,  and  T.  are  situated  on  it. 

KAMA  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Russia — flows  first 
a  north-easterly,  then  an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  and  lastly,  a  south- 


70 

westerly  course,  and  forms  a  junction  with   the  Volga.     It  is  about 
900  miles  long.     Perm  is  situated  on  it. 

VIATKA  R. — "Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Russia — flows  first  a 
general  westerly,  then  winds  round  to  the  south,  in  form  of  a  cres- 
cent, after  which  it  takes  a  south-easterly  course  and  unites  with  the 
Kama.  It  is  450  miles  long.  The  town  of  Viatka  is  situated  on  it. 

MOSKVA  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Russia — flows  first  an 
easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Oka  river. 
The  city  of  Moscow  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  350,000. 
About  two-thirds  of  Moscow  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1812.  The 
conflagration  being  the  act  of  the  Russian  government,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rendering  it  impossible  for  the  French  army  to  winter  in  the 
city. 

OKA  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Russia — unites  with  the 
Moskva — and  flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly 
course — is  a  branch  of  the  Volga.  Kal-oo'ga  is  situated  on  it — has 
a  population  of  32,000. 

_  MEDVIEDITZA  R. — Rises  in  the  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Rus- 
sia— flows  a  'south-westerly  course" — is  a  branch  of  Don  river. 

KHOPER  R. — Rises  in  the  southeastern  interior  of  Russia — flows  a 
southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Don  river. 

DON  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Russia — flows  first  a  general 
south-easterly,  then  a  south-westerly  course — forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  European  and  Asiatic  Russia — flows  into  the  Sea 
of  Azof.  It  is  1000  miles  long.  The  towns  of  T.,  V.,  and  New  T. 
are  situated  on  it. 

DONETZ  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Russia — flows  first  a 
southerly,  than  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course — 
is  a  branch  of  the  DDL  river,  and  is  450  miles  long. 

DNIEPER  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Russia — flows  first  a  south- 
westerly, then  a  southerly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south- 
westerly course  into  the  Black  Sea.  It  is  1000  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  S.,  M.,  K.,  and  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

DESNA  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Russia — flows  south- 
east, southerly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
the  Dnieper  river,  and  is  400  miles  long.  T.  is  situated  on  it. 

PRIPETS  R.— Formed  by  two  branches  in  the  south-western  part  of 
Russia — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course — is  a 
branch  of  the  Dnieper  river,  and  is  450  miles  long. 

BOG  R.— Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Russia — flows  a  south- 
easterly course  into  the  Black  Sea,  and  is  400  miles  long.  The  town 
of  N.  is  situated  on  it. 

DNIESTER  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Austria — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  through  the  south-western  part  of  Russia  into  the 
Black  Sea,  and  is  500  miles  long. 

PRUTH  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Austria — flows  first  an  east- 
erly, then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course,  forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Russia  and  Turkey — is  a  branch  of  the 
Danube  river,  and  is  400  miles  long.  The  town  of  J.  is  situated 
near  it. 

DANUBE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Black  Forest — in 
the  south-eastern  part  of  Baden,  in  48°  of  N.  latitude,  or  3324  miles 
north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  2178  feet  above  the  level  of 


71 

the  ocean — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  then 
an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  then  a  general  south-easterly,  then  an 
easterly,  then  a  winding  north-easterly,  and  lastly,  an  easterly  course- 
passing  through  Wirtemberg,  Bavaria,  Austria,  and  Turkey,  forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Austria  and  Turkey,  and  Turkey  and 
Russia — flows  into  the  Black  Sea  by  several  mouths.  It  is  1700 
miles  long.  The  towns  of  IL,  R.,  L.,  V.,  B.,  O.,  P.,  P.,  B.,  W., 
N.,  R.,  S.,  L,  and  I.  are  situated  on  it.  It  is  navigable  for  large 
ships  to  Silistria. 

THEISS  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  declivity  of  the  Carpathian 
mountains — in  the  eastern  part  of  Austria — flows  first  a  north-west- 
erly, then  a  south-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch 
of  the  Danube  river — and  is  450  miles  long. 

INN  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Switzerland — flows  first  a 
north-easterly,  then  a  northerly,  and  lastly,  an  easterly  course — 
through  Tyrol  and  Bavaria — and  forming  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween5 Bavaria  and  Austria — is^a  branch  of  the  Danube.  It  is  300 
miles  long. 

DRAVE  R. — Rises  among  the  Alps  mountains,  in  the  south-western 
part  of  Austria — flows  a  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the. 
Danube,  and  is  400  miles  long. 

SAVE  R. — Rises  among  the  Alps  mountains,  in  the  south-western 
part  of  Austria — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly  course — 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Austria  and  Turkey — is  a  branch 
of  the  Danube,  and  is  400  miles  long.  The  towns  of  L.  and  A.  are 
situated  on  it. 

MARITZA  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Turkey — flows 
first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course,  into  the  Archipelago. 
Tne  town  of  Adrianople  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of 
100,000. 

TIBER  R. — Rises  among  the  Apennine  mountains,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Poped  om — flows  a  general  southerly  course,  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea — it  is  150  miles  long.  The  city  of  Rome  is  situated  on 
it,  about  16  miles  from  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  150,000. 

This  is  the  most  celebrated  city  in  the  world,  either  of  ancient 
or  modern  times.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  in  the  form  of  an  irre- 
gular polygon,  between  14  and  15  miles  in  circuit,  and  has  15  gates. 
But  the  glory  of  modern  Rome  is  the  celebrated  Cathedral  of  St. 
Peter,  which  is  not  only  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  church  that 
has  ever  been  erected,  but  the  noblest  work  of  architecture  ever 
produced  by  the  hands  of  man.  Its  length  is  upwards  of  600  feet, 
and  its  greatest  breadth,  near  500  feet.  The  height  from  the  cross 
to  the  floor,  (which  covers  an  area  of  nearly  five  acres,)  is  460  feet. 
The  whole  expense  of  constructing  this  vast  edifice  is  estimated  at 
upwards  of  $60,000,000. 

Po  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Sardinia — flows  first  a 
north-east3rly,  then  an  easterly  course — separating  the  southern  part 
of  Lombardy  and  Venice  from  the  northern  part  of  Parma,  Modena, 
and  Popedom — flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice  by  several  mouths.  It 
is  450  miles  long.  Turin,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  P.,  P.,  C.,  and 
M.  are  situated  on  it. 

RHONE  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  declivity  of  the  Alps  moun- 
tains— in  the  southern  part  of  Switzerland — in  46°  30'  of  north  lati- 


72 

tude,  or  3220  miles  north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  5780  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean ;  but  it  scarcely  assumes  the  form  of  a 
river  till  its  junction  with  three  or  four  other  streams,  at  the  foot  of 
the  glacier  of  its  own  name — a  beautiful  fan-shaped  cluster  of  ice — 
the  lower  edge  of  which  is  5470  feet  above  the  ocean.  Its  general 
course  through  Switzerland  is  west.  It  then  flows  southerly,  in- 
clining to  the  west,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Sardinia 
and  France — after  which  it  flows  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  west- 
erly, and  lastly,  a  southerly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons.  It  is 
550  miles  long.  The  city  of  Lyons  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rhone  and  Saone  rivers  —has  a  population  of  200,000,  and  is  the 
greatest  manufacturing  town  in  France.  The  city  of  Avignon  (av- 
een'yon)  is  situated  on  the  Rhone — has  a  population  of  34,000. 

SAONE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  France — flows  first  a 
south-westerly,  then  a  southerly  course — and  unites  with  the  Rhone 
at  Lyons. 

EURO  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Spain — flows  a  south-east- 
erly course  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea — is  350  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  T.,  S.,  and  V.  are  situated  on  it. 

•  GUADALQUIVIR  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Spain — 
flows  a  south-westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — and  is  400 
miles  long.  The  towns  of  X.,  S.,  and  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

GUADIANA  R. -.-Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Spain — flows  first  a 
south-westerly,  then  a  westerly,  and  lastly  a  southerly  course — form- 
ing part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal — flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  500  miles  long. 

TAGUS  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Spain — flows 
first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  westerly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly 
course — through  the  interior  part  of  Spain  and  Portugal  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  550  miles  long.  The  towns  of  L.,  T.,  T., 
and  M.  are  situated  on  it. 

MONDEGO  R. — -Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Portugal — flows  a  south 
westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  town  of  C.  is  situated 
on  it. 

DOURO  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Spain  flows  first 
a  westerly,  then  a  south-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  westerly  course — 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal — passing 
throuo-h  the  northern  part  of  Portugal  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is 
450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  O.,  V.,  B.,  and  S.  are  situated  on  it. 

MINHO  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Spain — flows  a  ge- 
neral south-westerly  course — forming  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Spain  and  Portugal — and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  150 
miles  long. 

GIRONDE  R. — Formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne 
rivers,  in  the  south-western  part  of  France — flows  a  north-westerly 
course  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay — and  is  300  miles  long. 

LOIRE  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  France — flows  first  a  north- 
erly, then  a  north-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  westerly  course  into  the  Bay 
of  Biscay.  It  is  650  miles  long.  The  towns  of  N.,  A.,  T.,  O.,  B., 
and  L.  are  situated  on  it. 

SEINE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  France — flows  a  general 
north-westerly  course  into  the  English  Channel — is  450  miles  long. 
The  towns  of  II.,  R.,  R.,  C.,  T.,  and  P.  are  situated  on  it. 


73 

MEUSE  R.— -Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  France — flows  first  a  northerly, 
then  a  north-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  westerly  course,  passing  through 
the  eastern  part  of  Belgium,  and  southern  part  of  Holland,  into  the 
North  Sea.  About  40.  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  unites  with  a  branch 
of  the  Rhine,  but  still  retains  the  name  of  Meuse.  It  is  400  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  L.,  H.,  and  N.  are  situated  on  it. 

RHINE  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  declivity  of  the  Alps  mountains — 
in  the  southern  part  of  Switzerland — in  46°  40'  of  north  latitude,  or 
3232  miles  north  of  the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  6581  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  northerly,  then 
a  westerly,  then  a  northerly,  then  a  north-easterly  and  northerly — and 
lastly,  a  win-ding  north-westerly  course — passing  through  the  eastern 
part  of  Switzerland,  and  through  Lake  Constance — forming,  in  con- 
nexion with  the  lake,  the  boundary  between  Switzerland  and  Wir- 
temberg — Switzerland  and  Baden — Baden  and  France — flowing 
through  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Westphalia,  and  Holland,  into  the  North 
Sea.  It  is  950  miles  long.  The  towns  of  L.,  R.,  C.,  M.,  M.,  S., 
B.,  and  S.  are  situated  on  it.  In  the  first  part  of  its  course  it  flows 
through  the  magnificent  and  stupendous  ravine  of  the  Rheinwald — 
inclosed  on  both  sides  by  almost  perpendicular  rocks,  rising  3000 
feet  above  the  river,  and  clothed  to  their  very  summits  in  stately  firs. 
Three  miles  below  the  town  of  Schaffhausen,  the  river  running  in  a 
narrow  channel,  between  lofty  rocks,  and  divided  by  craggy  islets, 
falls  over  a  ledge  of  limestone  76  feet  in  height,  forming  one  of  the 
most  splendid  cataracts  in  Europe. 

EMS  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Westphalia — flows  first 
a  north-westerly,  then  a  northerly  course,  through  the  western  part  of 
Hanover,  into  the  North  Sea — is  150  miles  long. 

WESER  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Fulda  and  Werra 
rivers — in  the  northern  part  of  Hesse  Cassel — flows  a  general  north- 
erly course— (though  with  numerous  windings) — passing  through 
Hanover  into  the  North  Sea — and  is  300  miles  long. 

ELBE  R. — Rises  in  the  west  of  the  northern  part  of  Austria — flows 
first  a  northerly,  then  a  general  north-westerly  course — passing 
through  the  interior  part  of  Saxony  and  western  part  of  Prussia — 
and  forming  the  boundary  between  Mecklenburg  and  Hanover — 
Hanover  and  Holstein — flows  into  the  North  Sea.  It  is  600  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  H.,  A.,  M.,  D.,  P.,  L.,  and  H.  are  situated 
on  it. 

ODER  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Austria — flows  first  a  north- 
westerly, then  a  northerly  course,  passing  through  Prussia,  into  the 
Baltic  Sea.  It  is  450  miles  long.  The  towns  of  B.,  F.,  and  S.  are 
situated  on  it. 

WARTHA  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Poland — flows  a 
general  north-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Oder  river,  and  is 
300  miles  long.  The  town  of  Posen  is  situated  on  it. 

VISTULA  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Prussia — flows  first 
an  easterly,  then  a  north-easterly,  then  a  northerly,  then  a  north- 
westerly, and  lastly,  a  north-easterly  course,  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Austiia  and  Poland,  flowing  through  Poland  and 
the  north-eastern  part  of  Prussia,  into  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic.  It  is 
550  miles  long.  Its  most  southern  branch,  which  rises  in  the  Car- 
pathian mountains,  is,  a  short  distance  from  its  source,  precipitated 


71 

over  a  fall  180  feet  high.  The  towns  of  C.,  W.,  T.,  and  D.  ar« 
situated  on  it. 

NIEMAN  R. — Bises  in  the  western  part  of  Russia — flows  first,  with 
numerous  windings,  a  westerly,  then  a  northerly,  and  lastly,  a  west- 
erly course,  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Prussia  into  the  Bal- 
tic Sea — and  is  400  miles  long.  The  towns  of  W.  and  G.  are 
situated  on  it. 

DUNA  R. — Kises  in  the  western  interior  of  Russia — flows  first  a 
south-westerly,  then  a  north-westerly  course,  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga — 
and  is  350  miles,  long.  The  towns  of  R.,  D.,  and  W.  are  situated 
on  it. 

UMEA  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  Lapland — flows  first  a 
southerly,  then  a  south-westerly  course  into  the  northern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia — is  250  miles  long. 

TORNEA  R. — Sises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Sweden — flows  a 
southerly  course,  forming  the  boundary  between  Sweden  and  Lap- 
land, and  falls  into  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  250  miles 
long.  The  town  of  T.  is  situated  near  its  mouth. 

KALIX  AND  LULIA  Rs. — Rise  in  the  north-western  part  of  Sweden — 
flow  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia — one  250,  and 
the  other  200  miles  long. 

SKELLEFTEA  INDAL,  AND  LJUSNA  Rs. — Rise  in  the  western  part  of 
Sweden-  -flow  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia — 
200,  150,  and  200  miles  long. 

DAL  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  Sweden — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly, then  a  north-easterly  coarse,  into  the  southern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  300  miles  long. 

CLARA  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  Sweden — flows  first  a  south- 
easterly then  a  south-westerly  course — passing  through  Lake  Wener 
into  the  Cattegat.  It  is  250  miles  long ;  after  passing  through  L. 
Wener  it  is  called  the  Gotha  river. 

GLOMMEN  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  of  the  southern  part  of  Nor- 
way— flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course — into  the 
Skager  Rack.  It  is  250  miles  long. 

THAMES  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  England — flows  gene- 
rally an  easterly  course  into  the  North  Sea.  It  is  200  miles  long. 
London,  the  capital  of  England,  is  situated  on  it,  about  60  miles 
from  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  1,875,000.  It  is  probably  the 
largest,  and  is  the  greatest  commerci  I  city  in  the  world.  There  are 
six°splendid  bridges  over  the  Thames  at  London,  and  a  tunnel  pass- 
ing under  the  river,  consisting  of  two  arched  carriage  ways,  each 
15  feet  high  by  12  wide. 

SEVERN  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  Wales — flows  first  an 
easterly,  then  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course, 
through  the  western  part  of  England  into  the  Bristol  Channel.  It  is 
200  miles  long.  The  towns  of  S.,  W.,  G.,  and  B.  are  situated 
on  it. 

HUMBER  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Ouse  and  Trent,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  England — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the 
North  Sea. 

SHANNON  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  Ireland — flows  a  gene- 
ral south-westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  200  miles 
long.  The  towns  of  L.,  K.,  and  A.  are  situated  on  it. 


75 

BANN  R. — Flows  a  northerly  course  from  Lake  Neagh,  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

•BOYNE  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Ireland — flows  a  north- 
easterly course  into  the  Irish  Sea. 

BARROW  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  interior  of  Ireland — flows  a 
southerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

TWEED  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Scotland — flows  an  east- 
erly course  into  the  North  Sea. 

TAY  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Scotland — flows  a  general 
south-easterly  course  into  the  Frith  of  Tay. 

SPEY  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  Scotland — flows  a  north- 
easterly course  into  Murray  Frith. 


ISLANDS  OF  EUROPE. 

CYPRUS  I. — In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  west  of  Syria.  It  is  140  miles  long,  and  56 
wide. 

RHODES  I. — In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea — near 
the  south-western  coast  of  Asia  Minor — 46  miles  long-,  and  16  wide. 

CANDIA  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south  of  the  Archipelago, 
and  south-west  of  Asia  Mingr — 160  miles  long,  and  40  wide.  The 
towns  of  Candia  and  Canea  are  situated  on  it. 

SAMOS,  Scio,  AND  METELIN  Is. — In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  near  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  Scio  and  Mete- 
lin  have  towns  of  the  same  names  as  the  islands. 

LEMNOS  I. — In  the  northern  part  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago — south 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Turkey. 

NEGROPONT  I. — In  the  western  part  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago — 
near  the  eastern  coast  of  Greece — 110  miles  long,  and  from  4  to  26 
wide.  The  town  of  Negropont  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population 
of  10,000. 

NAXIA  I. — In  the  Grecian  Archipelago — south-east  of  Negropont. 
The  town  of  Naxia  is  situated  on  it. 

CERIGO  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south  of  the  Morea. 

ZANTE  I. — One  of  the  Ionian  islands,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea — 
west  of  Greece. 

CEPHALONIA  I. — One  of  the  Ionian  islands,  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea — west  of  Greece,  and  north  of  Zante  I. 

CORFU  I. — One  of  the  Ionian  islands,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea — 
south-west  of  Turkey. 

MALTA  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south  of  the  island  of  Sicily. 
Noted  for  being  the  place  where  St.  Paul  was  shipwrecked.  The 
town  of  Valetta  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  60,000. 

SICILY  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples — from  the  most  south-western  point  of  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  Strait  of  Messina — and  is  north-east  of  Tunis — from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  channel  85  miles  in  width — its  length  is  180 
miles,  and  greatest  breadth  117— area  9900  square  miles— popula- 
tion 2,000,000.  The  towns  of  M.,  S.,  C.,  G.,  M.,  T.,  and  P.  are 
situated  on  it. 

LIPAFU  Is. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — north  of  the  eastern  part  of 


70 

Sicily — and  west  of  the  southern  part  of  Naples.  Mount  Stromboli, 
on  one  of  these  islands,  is  a  volcano  2882  feet  high — flames  have 
been  issuing  from  its  crater  incessantly,  for  a  period  of  more  than 
2000  gears'.  The  light  is  seen,  at  night,  at  ?  Jistance  of  100  miles, 
and  serves  as  a  lighthouse  to  mariners. 

SARDINIA  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Se?  -west  of  Naples — east  of 
Spain,  and  south  of  Corsica  island — from  which  it  is  separated  hy 
the  Strait  of  Bonifacio.  It  is  168  miles  long,  and  90  wide — area 
10,000  square  miles.  The  towns  of  S.,  C.,  and  O.  are  situated 
on  it. 

CORSICA  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — south  of  the  eastern  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  and  north  of  the  Sardinia  island,  (which 
constitutes  a  part  of  the  kingdom,)  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Strait  of  Bonifacio.  It  is  116  miles  long,  and  50  wide.  The  towns 
of  B.,  C.,  and  Jljaccio^  (ah-yach'cho,)  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon 
Buonaparte,  are  situated  on  it.  This  island  belongs  to  France. 

ELBA  I. — In  the  Mediterranean  Sea — west  of  Tuscany — noted  for 
being  the  place  where  Napoleon  Buonaparte  was  banished  in  1814. 
It  belongs  to  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany. 

BALEARIC  ISLES. — (Including  MINORCA,  MAJORCA,  AND  IVICA,) — 
In  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  east  of  Spain,  and  belong  to  that  king- 
dom. 

JERSEY,  GUERNSEY,  ALDERNEY,  and  SARK  Is. — In  the  English 
Channel,  near  the  north-western  coastftof  France.  They  belong  to 
the  British  government. 

SCILLY  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south-west  of  England. 

I.  OF  WIGHT. — In  the  English  Channel,  near  the  southern  coast  of 
England.  The  towns  of  Cowes  and  Newport  are  situated  on  it. 

ANGLESEA  I. — In  the  Irish  Sea,  near  the  north-western  coast  of 
Wales. 

I.  OF  MAN. — In  the  northern  part  of  the  Irish  Sea,  south  of  Scot- 
land. It  is  25  miles  long,  and  13  wide. 

ACHIL  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  western  coast  of  Ire- 
land. 

HEBRIDES  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  west  of  Scotland — their 
whole  number  amounts  to  nearly  200. 

MULL  AND  SKY  Is. — Next  to  Lewis,  the  largest  of  the  Hebrides, 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  western  coast  of  Scotland. 

LEWIS  Is. — The  largest  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 
west  of  the  northern  part  of  Scotland. 

ORKNEY  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — north  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Scotland,  from  which  they  are  separated  by  the  Pentland  Frith.  Po- 
mona or  Mainland  is  the  largest.  There  are  67  of  these  islands. 

SHETLAND  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 120  miles  north-east  of 
Scotland. 

FAROE  Is. — A  group  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  200  miles  north- 
west of  the  Shetland  islands,  the  largest  of  which  are  Osteroe,  Stro- 
moe,  and  Suderoe. 

QUALOE  AND  SOROE  Is. — In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Norway. 

SENJEN,  LANGOE,  AND  LOFFODEN  Is. — In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  neat 
the  western  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Norway. 

VIGTEN  AND  HITTEREN  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Norway. 


77 

FUNEN  I. — In  the  south-western  part  of 
Peninsula  of  Jutland,  from  wMch  it  is 
and  west  of  Zealand  island,  from  which  it  is 
Belt. 

ZEALAND  I. — In  the  south-western  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea — west  of 
the  southern  part  of  Sweden — from  which  it  is  separated  by  tho 
Sound.  It  is  80  miles  long,  and  65  wide — area  2800  square  miles. 
Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  Denmark,  is  situated  on  it — has  a  popu- 
lation of  119,000. 

BORNHOLM  I. — In  the  Baltic  Sea,  south  of  Sweden^  and  north  of 
Prussia. 

RUGEN  I. — In  the  Baltic  Sea,  north  of  the  western  part  of  Prussia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  strait  two  miles  in  width — area  340 
square  miles.  It  was  formerly  much  larger — a  part  of  the  island, 
probably  one-half,  having  been  swallowed  up  in  the  middle  ages,  by 
the  sea. 

OLAND  I. — In  the  Baltic  Sea,  near  the  eastern  coast  of  the  southern 
part  of  Sweden,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Calmar, 
varying  from  2  to  20  miles  in  width. 

GOTHLAND  I. — In  the  Baltic  Sea,  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Swe- 
den, and  north-east  of  Oland  island. 

OESEL  AND  DAGO  Is. — In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  near  the  western  coast  of  Russia. 

ALAND  I. — East  of  Sweden,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 


MOUNTAINS  OF  EUROPE. 

DOVREFIELD  Mxs. — Extend  through  the  interior  of  the  southern  part 
of  Norway,  their  general  direction  north-east  and  south-west. 

SCANDINAVIAN  RANGE. — Forms  the  boundary  between  Sweden  and 
Norway,  their  course  is  north-east  and  south-west — 7600  feet  high. 

URAL  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  Russia  and  Siberia — their 
course  is  north  and  south.  These  mountains  are  exceedingly  rich  in 
mines  of  gold,  copper,  and  iron,  and  scarcely  a  year  passes  without 
some  new  deposits  being  discovered. 

CARPATHIAN  MTS. — Extend  through  the  northern  "and  north-eastern 
interior  of  Austria,  and  separate  the  south-eastern  and  southern  parts 
of  Austria,  from  the  north-eastern  and  northern  parts  of  Turkey — 
they  are  550  miles  long,  and  8600  feet  high.  In  respect  to  mineral 
wealth — these  mountains  stand  pre-eminent  among  the  various 
ranges  of  Europe — nearly  every  metal,  and  all  in  abundance,  are 
found  in  the  Carpathians.  Rock  salt  is  also  one  of  the  treasures  of 
these  mountains.  The  Salt  Mines  of  Wieliczka,  are  9500  feet  in 
extent,  from  east  to  west — 3600  feet  from  north  to  south — and  1220 
feet  in  depth. 

BALKAN  MTS. — Extend  through  Turkey,  from  the  Gulf  of  Venice 
to  the  Black  Sea — branching  off  in  various  directions — they  are  700 
miles  in  length. 

ALPS  MTS. — Separate  Austria  from  Lombardy  and  Venice — Lorn- 
bardy  and  Venice  from  Switzerland — Switzerland  from  Sardinia — 
and  Sardinia  from  France.  Extending  somewhat  in  the  form  ot  a 
crescent — from  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  to  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice 

T* 


Mount  Blanc,  the  highest  summit,  situated  in  the  north-western  part 
of  Sardinia,  is  15,533  feet  high. 

APENNINE  MTS. — Extend  through  the  interior  part  of  Italy — their 
course  is  north-west  and  south-east — greatest  height  11,000  feet. 

CEVENNES  MTS. — Extend  through  the  southern  and  eastern  parts 
of  France — their  course  is  north-east  and  south-west — 5292  feet 
high. 

AUVERGNE  MTS. — In  the  southern  interior  of  France — extending 
nearly  north  and  south — 6470  feet  high. 

MONTSERRAT  MT. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Spain — 3937  feet 
high. 

MT.  VESUVIUS. — A  volcanic  mountain  in  the  south-western  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Naples — 10  miles  south-east  of  the  city  of  Naples. 
It  is  3932  feet  high,  and  is  the  only  active  volcano  of  any  conse- 
quence in  continental  Europe.  From  the  period  of  the  earliest 
records,  down  to  the  reign  of  Titus  Vespasian,  this  volcano  appears 
to  have  been  extinct;  and  it  was  only  from  the  appearance  of  its 
crater,  and  its  cavernous  structure,  that  Strabo  conjectured  it  might 
have  been  on  fire. 

But  in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Titus,  and  79th  of  the  Chris- 
tian era,  this  volcano,  which  had  been  so  long  dormant,  burst  forth 
with  renewed  and  tremendous  violence,  in  one  of  the  most  destruc- 
tive eruptions,  of  which  history  has  preserved  any  record — as  if, 
through  the  long  centuries  of  its  sleep  and  silence,  it  had  been 
gathering  up  strength  for  this  one  grand  exhibition  of  its  awful 
magnificence  and  power.  The  large  and  flourishing  cities  of  Her- 
culaneum  and  Pompeii,  near  the  sea,  were  entirely  overwhelmed  by 
its  lava  and  ashes,  and  even  the  figure  of  the  coast  was  so  mate- 
rially changed,  that  for  a  period  of  1600  years,  all  traces  of  the 
buried  cities  were  lost,  and  they  were  only  discovered  by  accident, 
during  the  last  century.  In  1748,  some  peasants  employed  in  cut- 
ting a  ditch,  met  with  the  ruins  of  Pompeii,  which  soon  became 
an  object  of  interest  and  attraction.  In  1755,  extensive  excavations 
were  commenced,  and  have  been  continued  up  to  the  present  time. 
A  great  number  of  highly  interesting  antiquities  have  been  brought 
to  light.  One  may,  indeed,  at  present,  promenade  the  streets,  and 
visit  the  shops,  theatres,  and  temples  of  this  long  forgotten  city. 
Every  thing  seems  to  be  in  a  state  of  extraordinary  preservation. 

MT.  ETNA. — A  volcanic  mountain,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  I.  of 
Sicily — 10,870  feet  high.  It  is  entirely  distinct  from,  and  inde- 
pendent of,  any  other  mountain  range — and  is  87  miles  in  circum- 
ference. 

Previous  to  the  eruptions  of  this  volcano,  local  earthquakes  are 
felt — hollow  intonations  heard — irregular  clouds  of  smoke  appear — 
and  volcanic  lightnings  are  seen  darting  from  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain. The  agitations  increase,  till  at  length  a  terrific  discharge  of 
red-hot  stones,  flakes  of  fire,  ashes,  sand,  or  other  substances,  accom- 
panied with  vast  volumes  of  smoke,  takes  place  with  sudden  and 
tremendous  violence.  These  eruptions  are  generally  followed  or 
accompanied  by  the  outbreak  of  a  torrent  of  lava.  If  this  current  of 
liquid  fire  be  stopped  by  inequalities  of  the  ground,  a  portion  cools, 
ai;d  the  rest  topples  over  it.  Sometimes  it  overwhelms  whole  cities, 
villages,  and  tracts  of  country. 


The  city  of  Catania  is  situated  near  its  base,  and  is  surrounded 
by  walls.  In  the  year  1669,  an  eruption  of  Etna  occurred,  in  which 
case,  the  lava  accumulated  against  the  walls  of  Catania,  which 
were  60  feet  high,  until  it  rose  to  the  top,  arid  then  poured  over  in 
a  fiery  cascade,  destroying  a  large  portion  of  the  city.  So  great 
was  the  mass  accumulated  on  this  occasion,  that  it  was  eight  years 
in  cooling.  Fourteen  towns  and  villages  were  entirely  overwhelmed 
by  the  lava  and  ashes ;  and  it  was  estimated  that  27,000  persons 
perished. 

SIERRA  NEVADA. — In  the  southern  part  of  Spain — their  course  is 
nearly  east  and  west.  Mulahacen,  the  highest  peak,  is  11,678  feet 
high. 

SIERRA  MORENA. — In  the  .  southern  interior  of  Spain — extending 
nearly  in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction,  and  are  5883  feet  high. 

SIERRA  GUADALUPE. — Extend  through  the  interior  part  of  Spain, 
and  south-eastern  part  of  Portugal — between  the  Tagus  and  Guadi- 
ana  rivers. 

SIERRA  ESTRELLA. — Extend  through  Spain  and  Portugal,  north,  of 
Tagus  river,  and  are  8520  feet  high — their  course  is  north-east  and 
south-west. 

CANTABRIA  MTS. — Extend  through  the  northern  part  of  Spain,  in 
an  easterly  and  westerly  direction,  and  are  11,200  feet  high. 

GRAMPIAN  HILLS. — Extend  east  and  west  through  the  interior  part 
of  Scotland.  Ben  Nevis,  the  highest  peak,  is  4368  feet  high. 

CHEVIOT  HILLS. — Form  part  of  the  boundary  between  Scotland 
and  England— extending  north-east  and  south-west — they  are  2658 
feet  high. 

MT.  SNOWDON. — In  the  northern  part  of  Wales — 3570  feet  high. 


CAPES  IN  EUROPE. 


NORTH  CAPE. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Norway — extending  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean. 

C.  SVIATOI. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Lapland — extending  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean. 

C.  MATAPAN. — A  southern  point  of  the  Morea — extending  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

C.  PASSARO. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Sicily,  extending  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

C.  TEULADA. — A  south-westerly  point  of  Sardinia  I. — extending 
into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

C.  ST.  ANTONIO. — An  eastern  point  of  Spain — extending  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. 

C.  DE  GATT. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Spain — extending  into 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

C.  ST.  VINCENT. — A  south-western  point  of  Portugal — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  FINISTERRE. — A  western  point  of  the  northern  part  of  Spain — 
extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  ORTEGAL. — The  north-western  point  of  Spain — extending  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


80 

LAND'S  END. — The  south-western  point  of  England — extending 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  CLEAR. — A  south-western  point  of  Ireland — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

THE  NAZE. — A  southern  point  of  Norway — extending  into  the 
North  Sea. 

BOUNDARIES. 

EUROPE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Polar  Sea,  or  Frozen 
Ocean — on  the  east  and  south-east  by  Asia,*(Ural  mountains,  Volga 
and  Don  rivers,  and  Sea  of  Azof,  designating  the  line  of  demarka- 
tion)-on  the  south  by  the  Black  Sea,  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Mo- 
ri iterranean  Sea,  which  separates  it  from  Africa — and  on  the  west  by 
the  Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans,  separating  it  from  North  America. 

EUROPEAN  RUSSIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Frozen  Ocean — 
on  the  east  and  south-east  by  Asiatic  Russia,  from  which  it  is  mostly 
separated  by  the  Ural  mountains  and  Volga  river — on  the  south  by 
Circassia,  the  Black  Sea,  Turkey  and  Austria,  being  mostly  sepa- 
rated from  Circassia  by  the  Don  river — and  on  the  west  by  Turkey, 
Austria,  Prussia,  Baltic  Sea,  and  the  northern  part  of  Sweden  and 
Norway,  being  separated  from  Turkey  by  the  Pruth  and  from  the 
northern  part  of  Sweden  by  the  Tornia  river. 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Austria  and  Rus- 
sia, from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Save  and  Danube  rivers — 
on  the  east  by  Russia  and  the  Black  Sea,  being  separated  from  Rus- 
sia by  the  Pruth  river — on  the  south  by  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  Grecian 
Archipelago  and  Greece — and  on  the  west  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
Gulf  of  Venice,  and  Austria. 

AUSTRIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Saxony,  Prussia,  and  Po- 
land— on  the  east  by  Russia  and  Turkey — on  the  south  and  south- 
west by  Turkey,  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  Lombardy  and  Venice — on  the 
west  by  Lombardy  and  Venice,  Switzerland,  and  Bavaria. 

GREECE  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Turkey — on  the  east  by  the 
Archipelago — on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

ITALY  (including  Sardinia  and  Lombardy  and  Venice)  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Switzerland  and  Austria — on  the  east  and  north-east 
by  Austria  and  the  Gulf  of  Venice — on  the  south-east,  south-west, 
and  west  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  France. 

SWITZERLAND  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  France,  Baden,  and 
Wirtemberg,  being  separated  from  Baden  and  Wirtemberg  by  Rhine 
river  and  Lake  Constance — on  the  east  by  Austria — on  the  south  by 
Lombardy  and  Venice  and  Sardinia — on  the  westby  Savoy  and  France. 

F RANGE  is  bounded  on  the  north-west,  north,  and  north-east  by  the 
English  Channel,  North  Sea,  the  Kingdom  of  Belgium,  and  Ger- 
many— on  the  east  by  Baden,  Switzerland,  and  Sardinia,  being  sepa- 
rated from  Baden  by  the  Rhine,  and  partly  from  Sardinia  by  the 

*  It  is  proper  to  observe  in  reference  to  the  south-eastern  boundary  of 
Europe,  that  a  difference  of  opinion  exists  among  writers;  some  of  the 
ablest  geographers  making  the  Ural  River,  Caspian  Sea,  and  Caucass  moun- 
tains the  boundary. 


81 

Rhone  river — on  the  south  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and  Spain — 
the  Pyrenees  mountains  separating  it  from  Spain — on  the  west  by 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

SPAIN  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, and  France,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Pyrenees  moun- 
tains— on  the  east  and  south-east  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea — on  the 
south  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — on  the  west  by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  being 
partly  separated  from  Portugal  by  Guadiana  and  Douro  rivers,  and 
the  north-western  part  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Portugal. 

PORTUGAL  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Spain,  from  which 
it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Minho,  Douro,  and  Guadiana  rivers — on 
the  south  and  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

IRELAND  is  bounded  on  the  north-west  and  south  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — on  the  east  by  the  Irish  Sea,  St.  George's  and  North  Chan- 
nel, separating  it  from  England  and  the  south-west  part  of  Scotland. 

SCOTLAND  is  bounded  on  the  west,  north,  and  east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — on  the  south  by  England  and  the  Irish  Sea. 

ENGLAND  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Scotland — on  the  north-east 
and  east  by  the  North  Sea — on  the  south  by  the  English  Channel — on 
the  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Wales,  and  the  Irish  Sea. 

WALES  is  bounded  on  the  west  and  north  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  the  Irish  Sea — on  the  east  by  England — on  the  south  by  Bristol 
Channel. 

BELGIUM  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  North  Sea  and  Holland — 
on  the  east  by  Holland  and  the  Province  of  the  Lower  Rhine — on  the 
south  and  south-west  by  Luxemburg  and  France. 

HOLLAND  is  bounded  on  the  west  and  north  by  the  North  Sea — on 
the  east  by  Hanover,  Westphalia,  and  the  Province  of  the  Lower 
Rhine — on  the  south  by  Belgium. 

HANOVER  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-east  by  the  North  Sea, 
Holstein,  and  Mecklenburg,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Elbe 
river — on  the  east  by  Prussia — on  the  south  by  Prussia,  Hesse  Cas- 
sel,  Brunswick,  Lippe,  and  Westphalia — on  the  west  by  Westphalia, 
Lippe,  and  Holland. 

PRUSSIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mecklenburg  and  the  Baltic 
Sea — on  the  north-east  and  east  by  Russia  and  Poland — on  the  south 
by  Austria,  Saxony,  and  Saxe — on  the  west  by  Hesse  Cassel,  Bruns- 
wick, Hanover,  and  Mecklenburg — and  the  north-east  part  is  bounded 
on  the  south  by  Poland. 

DENMARK  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Skager  Rack— on  the 
east  by  the  Cattegat,  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  Mecklenburg — on  the  south 
by  Hanover,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Elbe  river — on  the 
west  by  the  North  Sea.* 

SWEDEN  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Norway — on  the  east,  south- 


Range. 

NORWAY  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Frozen  Ocean — on  the 

*  The  Du'chy  of  Holstein  belongs  to  Denmark,  also  the  Island  of  Zea- 
land and  Funen. 


82 

east  and  south-east  by  Lapland  and  Sweden,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Scandanavian  Range — on  the  south  by  the  Cattegat, 
Skager  Rack,  and  North  Sea — on  the  west  and  north-west  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans. 

GERMANY  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  North  Sea,  Jutland,  and 
the  Baltic  Sea — on  the  east  by  Poland,  Galacia,  Hungary,  and  Cro- 
atia— on  the  south  by  Illyria,  Tyrol,  and  Switzerland — and  on  the 
west  by  France,  Belgium,  and  Holland.*1 

*  The  extent  of  country  comprised  under  the  term  Germany,  has  under- 
gone various  changes  from  time  to  time,  and  the  complicated  and  peculiar 
manner  in  which  the  territory  is  apportioned  is  cause  of  some  degree  of 
uncertainty  in  reference  to  portions  of  the  boundary. 


QUESTIONS 


ON 


THE   MAP   OF    EUROPE. 


Where  is  the 
White  Sea. 
English  Channel. 
Str.  of  Yenikale. 
Guadalquivir  R. 
Loffoden  Is. 
Elba  I. 

G.  of  Bothnia. 
C.  Matapan. 
Oesal  I. 
Irish  Sea. 
G.  Taranto. 
C.  Finisterre. 
Petchora  R. 

B.  of  Biscay. 
Auvergne  Mts. 
N.  Channel. 
Sierra  Morena  Mts. 
L.  Ladoga. 
Zante*  1. 

C.  Clear. 
Gothland  I. 
Malta  I. 

Sea  of  Marmora. 
Cevennes  Mts. 
Str.  of  Dardanelles. 


Corsica  I. 

Land's  End. 

Dwina  R. 

Cerigo  I.f 

C.  St.  Vincent. 

North  Sea. 

Corfu;}:  I. 

Baltic  Sea. 

C.  Sviatoi. 

C.  Passaro. 

L.  Peipus. 

Sea  of  Azof. 

Seine  R. 

G.  of  Lyons. 

I.  of  Man. 

G.  of  Dantzic. 

Lemnos  I. 

Rugen  I. 

Cantabrian  Mts. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

L.  Geneva. 

Zealand  I. 

G.  of  Genoa. 

Cattegat. 

Balkan  Mts. 

C.  Teulada. 


*   Called  also  Zacynthus  (zas-sin'thus.) 
t  Called  the  Cythe'ra, 


Mt.  Blanc. 

Onega  R. 

Pruth  R. 

Cephalonia§  I. 

Str.  of  Gibraltar 

Aland  I. 

Str.  of  Otranto. 

G.  of  Finland. 

Lipari  Is. 

G.  of  Venice. 

Str.  of  Messina. ' 

L.  Garda. 

L.  Wetter. 

Candia  I. 

Black  Sea. 

Zuyder  Zee. 

Clara  R. 

Volga  R. 

Tornea  R. 

Ebro  R. 

Donegal  B. 

L.    Maelar,  .(Millar  or 

Mularen.) 
Metelin  I. 
Mt.  Vesuvius. 
Grampian  Hills. 

Called  also  Corcy'ra. 
Called  also  Cephaile'nia. 


83 


L.  Ilmen. 

Glommen  R. 

Dniester  R. 

Tagus  R. 

Negropont  I. 

I.  of  Wight. 

Rhine  R. 

PoR. 

Bantry  B. 

Mt.  Etna. 

Str.  of  Bonifacio. 

Duna  R. 

Tiber  R. 

Ch.  of  Constantinople 

Oder  R. 


G.  of  Athens. 
Str.  of  Dover. 
G.  of  Burgas. 
Ural  Mts. 
Cyprus  I. 
Majorca  I. 
Don  R. 
Danube  R. 
BogR. 
Jersey  I. 

How  do  the  waters 
the  Don  R.  reach 
ocean  ? 

Shannon  R. 


Frith  of  Clyde. 
Vistula  R. 
Maritza  R. 
Douro  R. 
Rhone  R. 
Loire. 
Thames  R. 

Bound  Europe. 

Austria. 

France. 
of  Turkey. 
the  Spain. 

Russia. 


PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS. 


Where  is  the 

C.  Matapan. 

Norton  Scund. 

Gulf  of  Georgia. 

Oesel  I. 

Gr.  Bear  L. 

Tampa  B. 

Irish  Sea. 

I.  of  Pines. 

Bay  of  Funday. 

G.  of  Taranto. 

Gothland  I. 

Ottawa  R. 

C.  Finisterre. 

Malta  I. 

Severn  R. 

Petchora  R. 

Sea  of  Marmora. 

Penobscot  R. 

B.  of  Campeachy. 

Cevennes  Mts. 

Potomac  R. 

Richmond  G. 

Land's  End. 

Santee  R. 

Southampton  I. 

Str.  of  Dardanelles 

Savannah  R. 

G.  of  Tehuantepec. 

Corsica  I. 

Green  R. 

L.  Cayman. 

Dwina  R. 

Galveston  B. 

G.  of  Canso. 

Albemarle  Sd. 

\orkR. 

Koksak  R. 

Green  Mts. 

Schuylkill  R. 

Churchill  R. 

Mohawk  R. 

Pr.  Wm.  Sound. 

Chesapeake  B. 

New  Inlet. 

G.  of  California. 

Saca  R. 

Roanoke  R. 

Disco  I. 

Yazoo  R. 

L.  Island  Sound. 

Anticosti  I. 

Licking  R. 

San  Francisco  B. 

Charlotte  Harbour. 

Oneida  L. 

C.  Walsingham. 

Ardencaple  Inlet. 

Vineyard  Sound. 

C.  Mendocino. 

White  Sea. 

Sabine  R. 

C.  Robertson. 

Loffoden  I. 

Saginaw  B. 

Sabine  I. 

English  Channel. 

B.  of  Biscay. 

L.  Chelekhof, 

Str.  of  Yenikale. 

Auvergne  Mts. 

(or  Shelekhof.) 

Guadalquivir  R. 

N.  Channel. 

C.  St.  Vincent. 

Elba  I. 

Sierra  Morena  Mts. 

North  Sea. 

G.  of  Bothnia. 

L.  Ladoga. 

Corfu  I. 

Vacassar  B. 

Zante  I. 

Baltic  Sea. 

Delaware  B. 

C.  Clear. 

C.  Sviatoi. 

C.  Fear  R. 

Winnipiseogee  L. 

C.  Passaro. 

Muskingum  R. 

Brazos  R. 

Lewis  I. 

Juniata  R. 

Mobile  B. 

L.  Peipus. 

Buzzard's  B. 

Arctic  Highlands. 

Big  Sandy  R. 

Casco  B. 

L.  Chapala. 

Pensacola  B. 

Genesee  R. 

Cephalonia  I. 

Volga  R. 

Tar  R. 

Str.  of  Gibraltar. 

Tornea  R. 

Miami  R. 

Aland  I. 

Ebro  R. 

C.  Cod. 

Str.  of  Otranto. 

Donegal  B. 

Rappahannock  R. 

G.  of  Finland. 

L.  Maelar. 

Skeneateles  L. 

Lipari  I. 

Metelin  I. 

Moosehead  L. 

Mt.  Hecla. 

Mt.  Vesuvius. 

Flint  R. 

Philadelphia. 

King's  C. 

Jan  Mayen  I. 

Cincinnati. 

Arnatique  B. 

Ignacio  I. 

C.  Corrientes. 

Catskill  Mts. 

Q.  Charlotte's  Sd. 

C.  St.  Antonio. 

Altamaha  R. 

L.  Mistissinny. 

C.  Chudleigh. 

Chesuncook  L. 

Bahama  Is. 

Wachusett  Mt. 

L.  Michigan. 

C.  Race. 

C.  Henry. 

Baltimore. 

Sea  of  Azof, 

Pearl  R. 

Th  under  B. 

Seine  R. 

James  R. 

Grampian  Hills. 

G.  of  Lyons. 

Tongue  R. 

Dniester  R. 

I.  of  Man. 

Nautucket  I. 

Tagus  R. 

G.  of  Dantzic. 

Barataria  B. 

Negropont  I. 

Wabash  R. 

Connecticut  R. 

I.  of  Wight. 

L.  Erie. 

Itasca  L. 

PoR. 

Muscle  Shoals. 

G.  of  Venice. 

WTater  Volcano. 

Muscongus  B. 

Str.  of  Messina. 

Pt.  Beech  ey. 

L.  Champlain. 

L.  Garda. 

C.  Farewell. 

Mars  Hill. 

L.  Wetter. 

Osage  R. 

Rugen  I. 

Candia  I. 

Yellowstone  R. 

Cantabrian  Mts. 

Black  Sea. 

Iceland. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Zuyder  Zee. 

Colorado  R. 

L.  Geneva. 

Mississippi  R. 

Monongahela  R. 

Zealand  L 

Clara. 

Rhine  R. 

G.  of  Genoa. 

Ohio  R. 

Bantry  B. 

Icy  C. 

Oder  R. 

Sable  I. 

How  do   the  waters 

of  G.  of  Athens. 

Cosiguina  Mt. 

Green  B.    reach 

the  Cyprus  I. 

Tule  Lakes. 

Ocean  ? 

Str.  of  Bonifacio. 

Bathurst  Inlet. 

Waters  of  the  Don 

R.   Str.  of  Dover. 

Musquito  B. 

Coronation  G. 

Gr.  Pedee  R. 

C.  Cannaveral. 
Corn  Is. 

Vancouver's  I. 

Mt.  St.  Elias. 

Tombigbee  R. 
Martha's  Vineyard. 

Grand  Bank. 

Pr.  Edward's  I. 

Mt.  Jorullo. 

Gr.  Salt  L. 

Davis's  Str. 

Temiscouata  L. 

C.  Hatteras. 

C.  Closterbay. 

L.  George. 

C.  Catoche. 

Sitka  I. 

Athabasca  L. 

Black  Mt. 

Ungava  B. 

C.  Elizabeth. 

Black  Hills. 

Bermudas  Is. 

C.  Gracias  a  Dios. 

Seneca  L. 

Mt.  Hooker. 

Ural  Mts. 

Delaware  R. 

Mohegan  Mts. 

B.  of  Honduras. 

Grand  R. 

Mt.  Etna. 

C.  St.  Lucas. 

Cattegat. 
Balkan  Mts. 

L.  Memphramagog, 
St.  Joseph's  R. 

Behring's  Strait. 
Jamaica  I. 

C.  Teulada. 

Washington. 

T.  Guanaxuato. 

Onega  R. 

L.  Pontchartrain. 

Quebec. 

Prutii  R. 

Ozark  Mts. 

Illinois  R. 

Red  R. 
Hudson  R. 
Chattahoochee  R. 
Shannon  R. 
Frith  of  Clyde. 
Pictured  Rocks. 
Vistula  R. 


L.  Nicaragua. 
Trinidad  I. 
Maritza  R. 
Douro  R. 
Rhone  R. 
Loire  R. 
Thames  R. 


Rocky  Mts. 
Tennessee  R. 
Merrimack  R. 

Sound  Pa. 
N.  York. 
Virginia. 


DIVISIONS  OF  ASIA. 


Siberia,  Tobolsk'.          Malac'ca,  M-a. 
Chinese  Empire —        Siam,  Bankok — 
Chinese  Tartary.  (se-am',  bang-kok'.) 

Corea,  Kingkitao —          (or  Bangkok.) 
(co-re'ah,     king-ke-  Bi/mah,  Monchaboo'. 


tah'o.) 

Mantchoo'ria. 
Mongo'lia. 
Soongar'ia — 
Little  Bokhara, 

(bo-kah'rah.) 
Little  Thibet — 

(tib'et.) 
'J'hibet,  Lassa. 
China,  Pekin'. 
Empire  of  Japan,  Yed'- 


Hindostan',  Caleut'ta- 
Bengal,  Calcutta. 

(befi-gaul'.) 
Ag'ra,  Agra — 
Madras',  Madras. 
Bombay',  Bombay — 
Lahore,  Lahore, 

(lah-hore'.) 
Beloochislan,  Kelat — 

(bel-oo-chis-tan',) 

(kel-at'.) 


do,  (written  also  Jed-  Afghanistan',  Cabool'. 
do  and  ledo.)  Her-at',  Herat — 

Anam,  Hue —  Independent  Tartary. 

(ah-nam',  hoo-a'.) 


Kirguis  Country, 
(keer- gees'.) 

Turcomania — 

(toor-co-man'e-ah.) 

Khiva,  Khiva, 
(kee'vah.) 

Khokan',  Khokan — 

Bokhara,  Bokhara. 

Koondooz'. 

Persia,  Teh-eran'. 

Arabia,  Mec'ca. 

Syria,  Damas'cus — 

Turkey,    Constantino- 
ple. 

Mesopota'mia 

Koordistan'. 

Arme'nia. 

Asia  Minor — 

Georgia,  Teflis. 

Circas'sia — 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 


Arctic  Ocean. 
Sea  of  Kara, 

(kah'rah.) 
Gulf  of  Obi— 

(o'be.) 
Yenisei  G. 

(yen-e-sa'e.) 
Gulf  of  Lena. 

(la'nah.) 

Behring's  Str.  40  m.  w. 
Gulf  of  Anadeer7. 
Sea  of  Kamt-chat'ka. 
Sea  of  Okhotsk',  700 


Sea  of  Yes'so. 

(or  Jesso.) 
Channel  of  Tartary. 
Perouse,  (pe-rooz',) 

Strait— 
Str.  of  Matsmay, 

(mats-mi'.) 
Yed'do  B. 
Sea  of  Japan',  600  m. 

w. — 

Str.  of  Corea. 
Pet-che'lee  Gulf. 
Yellow  Sea — 
Eastern  Sea. 

8 


Str.  of  Formo'sa. 
China  Sea,  850  m.  w. — 
Gulf  of  Tonquin, 

(ton-keen'.) 
Hue  B.  (hoo-a'.) 
G.  of  Siam — 
Strait  of  Malacca,  30 
G.  of  Martaban'. 
B.  of  Bengal — 
Indian  Ocean,  5000  m. 

1.  4000  w. 
G   of  Manaar'. 

(man-ar/.) 
Gulf  of  Cambay'— 


86 


G.  of  Catch. 

G.  of  Oman'. 

Strait  of  O^mus — 

Persian  G.  520  m.  1. 

Arabian  Sea. 

Str.  of  Bab-elman'del,  Pei  Ho, 

16  m.  w. —  (pa-ho'.) 

Red  Sea,  1500  m.  1.      Hoang7  Ho,  25— 
Dead  Sea,  55  m.  1.       Yangtse  Kiang,  28. 
Mediterranean        Sea,      (yang-tse-ke-ang7.) 

2250  m.  1.—  Hoang'  Kiang7,  7. 

Archipelago.  Cambo'dia,  20 — 

Strait  of  Dardanelles,  Meinam,  8. 

2  ra.  w.  (ma-e-nam'.) 

Sea   of  Marmora,  150  Salwen',  9 — 

m.  1. —  Irrawad'dy,  17. 

Chan,  of  Constantino-  Brahmapoo'tra,  15, 

pie,  1^  m.  w.  (or  Burrampooter.) 

Black  Sea,  760  m.  1.     Gan'ges,  16— 
Sea  of  Azof,  200 —       Jum'na. 
Caspian  Sea,  800  m.  1.  Mahanuddy,  4£. 
Dead  Gulf.  (mah-han-nud'de. 

Sea  of  Ar'al,  240  m.  1.    Godav'ery,  6— 


Amoor',  (or  Amur,)  22.  Koo'rile  (or  Kurile)  Is. 
Soongaree,  Staten — 

(soong-gah-ree'.)        Tchan'tar. 
(or  Songari,)  10 —    Sag-hal'ian. 
Oosooree'  (or  Usuri)  5.  Yes'so — 
Niph-on'. 
Sikoke', 

(see-koke'.) 
Keooseoo  (or  Kiusiu)- 

(kee-oo'se-oo'.) 
Quelpaert, 

(quel'part.) 
Loochoo'  Is. 


RIVERS, 

Obi,  25. 
Tobol',  7. 
Ish'im,  8 — 
Ir'tysh,  20. 
Cash  gar7,  7. 
Yenisei,  23 — 
Selinga, 

(sa-ling'gah.) 
Angara, 

(ang-gah-rab/.) 
Tangooska,  15 — 

(toong-goos'kah.) 
Piacina, 

(pe-ah-seefaah.) 
Khatang'a. 
Anabara — 

(an-ab'a-rah.) 
Olensk'. 
Lena,  26. 

(la'nah.) 
Vitim— 

(ve-teem'.) 
Aldan'. 
Yana, 

(yah'nah.) 
Indighir'ca,  9 — 
Kolima,  6. 

(ko-le-rmih'.) 


Formo'sa — 
Hainan, 

(hi-nan'.) 
Phi'lippine  Is. 
Luzon,  Manilla. 

(loo-zone'.) 
Mindo'ro. 
Palawan'. 
Panay— 

(pah-ni'.) 
KrishAna,(or  Kistna)  5.  Neg'ros. 


Taptee'. 
Nerbad'dah,  8— 
In'dus,  17. 
Sut'ledge,  9. 
Ravee — 

(rah'vee.) 
Helmund',  6. 
Attruck',  3. 


Samar'. 
Mindanao — 

(min-dah-nah'o.) 
Bor'neo,  Borneo. 
Sumat'ra. 
Pulo  Pinang, 

(poo-lo'-pe-nang7.) 
Andaman'  Is. 


Amoo',  (or  Amu,1)  10 —  Nieobar'. 

r^  •  i  ^  i 


Sihon,  7. 

(se-hon'.) 
Ural,  9. 

Koor,  (or  Kur) — 
Euphrates,  14. 
Ti'gris,  9. 
Jordan,  1£ — 
Waters  of  Lebanon. 


Ceylon — (see'lon.) 

Mal'dives. 

Lac'cadives. 

Bombay' — 

I.  of  Ormus. 

Bahrein, 

(bah-rane'.) 
Soco'tra — 


ISLANDS, 

Nova  Zem'bla  I. 
Kotel'noi. 
New  Siberia — 
Liaghoff,(orLiakhov.)  Tchan'y — 

(le-ah-goif7.)  Balkash'. 

Behring's  Is, 
Aleutian  Is. 

(a-lu'she-an.) 
Para-moo-sheer. 

(or  Paramushir.) 


LAKES, 

Baikal, 

(bi'kal.) 
Altyn'. 


Zaizan  (zi-zan')  Nor. 
Lop,  Nor. 
Koko  Nor— 
Tonting7. 
Poyang^. 


Zur'rah— 
Ooroomee'a, 

(or  Urmiah.) 
Tibe'rias, 

(or  T ahareeyeh.) 
Or  Sea  of  Galilee— 


Gilboa, 

(ghil'bo-a.) 
Ta'bor. 
Car'mel. 
Hei/mon. 
Mts.  of  Leb'anon. 


CAPES. 


MOUNTAINS, 

Thian      Chan      Mts., 

(te-an'shan'.)  Zelania. 

•20,000  (?)  f.  h.  (zha-lah-nee'a.) 


OorYa, 

(Ourfa,  orUrfa.) 
Mardeen'  (or  Mardin.) 
Erzroom'  (Erzrum,   or 

Erzeroum) — 
Kandahar7. 

PALESTINE, 

(or  the  land  ancient- 
ly inhabited  by  the 
Israelites.) 


Great  Altay  (or  Altai)  Cev'ero  Vos-tochnoi'.    In  Galilee,  the  tribes  of 


Chalagskoi, 
(shal-ag-skoi'.) 
(or  Shalagskoi.) 
1.  East. 

St.  Thadeus. 

Lopat'ka. 

Cambo'dia. 

Roman'ia. 


(al-tah'e.) 

Mts.,  1200  m.  1. 
Little  Altay  Mts. — 
Ural   Mts.,  1400  m 

4000  f.  h. 
Beloor'  Mts. 
Thsou rig-ling  Mts., 

(soong'ling.) 
Kuen   Lnn  Mts.,  16,-  Negrais, 

000  (?)  f.  h.  (neg-rice'.) 

(quen-loon'.)  Com'orin. 

Peling  Mts.  Isolette, 

(pa'ling.)  (e-so-let'.) 

Meling  Mts.  Ras  Al  Gat. 

Himalaya  (or  Himma- 

leh)  Mts.,  5  m.  h. 

(him-a-li'a.) 
Choumalarie. 

(chum-ah-lah're.) 
Dhawalaghiri,* 

(dah-wol'ah-gher're)  Amasria — 

28,000  f.  h.  Kootaiah, 

Ghaut  Mts.  (koo-ti'yah.) 

Adam's  Peak.  (or  Kutaiyeh.) 

Hind'oo     Koo      Mts.,  Treb'izond. 

20,000  f.  h.  Boor'sa  (or  Brusa)— 

Elbrooz',  Shiraz  (or  Shee'raz.) 


Asher. 

Naphtali. 

Zebulon. 

Issachar — 

In  Samaria. 

Manasseh. 

Ephraim — 

In  Judea. 

Benjamin. 

Dan. 

Judah. 

Simeon — 

Reuben. 

Gad. 

Palestine  also  includes 

Land  of  thePhilistincs^ 

and  Phoenicia. 
Ispahan'  (or  Isfahan.) 

Ango'ra  (written    also  Towns  in  Palestine.^ 
Engoor  and  Enguri)  Beersheba. 

Hebron. 

Bethlehem. 

Bethany. 

Jerusalem. 


TOWNS. 


Jericho. 

Shiloh. 

Bethel— 


(or  Elborz)  Mts.        Cas'bin  (written    also  Shechem. 

Cau'casus  Mts.,  18,000      Casbeen.)  Samaria. 

f.  h.  Balfroosh'.  Apollonia. 

Ar'arat,  17,620.  (or  Balfrush.)—  Cesarea. 

Tau'rus  Mts.  9000  f.  h.  Reshd.  Endor. 

RanVleah  Mts.  Tabreez'  (or  Tausri.)  Nain. 

Si'na-i.  Bushire.  Nazareth. 

Pis'gah.  (bu-sheer'.)  C ana  of  Galilee— 

Mt.  of  Olives.  (or  Abooshehr) —  Tiberias. 

*  The  height  attributed  to  Choumalarie  by  some  geographers  is  ex- 
tremely doubtful.  The  best  authorities  consider  Dhawalaghiri  as  the  high- 
est mountain,  of  which  the  elevation  has  been  fully  ascertained. 

t  See  Morse's  Atlas. 


88 

Capernaum.                    Banares.  Indus  R. 

Bethsaida  of  Galilee —      (ben-ah'res.)  Tat'ta. 

Gaza.                                Patna.  Hy'derabad'. 

Askelon.                         Dac'ca.  Lahore, 

Ashdod.                                  T           ,,     D  (lah-hore'.) 

Ekron.                               M    Irrawaddy  JR.  Umritseer/.   > 

Joppa.                             Monchaboo .  Cashmere'.  • 

Tyre.                               T.Jm  ™rapoo  ra.  peshawer, 

Sldon'                             Prome.  (pesh'our.) 

Towns  on  the  Ganges  R.  Rangoon'-  Tigris  X. 

Delhi,                                      Euphrates  N.  Bagdad. 

(del'le.)  Bas'sora    (or    Basrah,  Mo'sul. 

Agra,                                   Bussora.)  Diarbekr, 

(ah'gra.)                     Ruins  of  Babylon.  (or  Diar'bekr, 

Lucknow'.                     Hil'lah.  dee-ar-be-keer'.) 


ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 

ON 

THE   MAP   OF    ASIA. 

LARGE  BODIED  OF  WATER. 

SEA  OF  KARA. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Siberia,  and 
eastern  part  of  Nova  Zembla  Island. 

GULF  OF  OBI. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Siberia — a  part  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  the  Obi  flows  into  it. 

YENISEI  GULF. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Siberia — east  of  the 
Gulf  of  Obi — a  part  of  the  Arctic  Ocean — Yenisei  river  flows  into  it. 

G.  OF  LENA. — In  the  north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia — a  part 
cf  the  Arctic  Ocean — the  Yana  river  flows  into  it. 

SEA  OF  KAMTCHATKA. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  the  Peninsula 
of  Kamtchatka  and  the  Aleutian  Islands — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

SEA  OF  OKHOTSK. — Borders  on  the  south-eastern  part  of  Siberia  and 
Saghalien  Island,  and  the  western  part  of  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka 
and  the  Koorile  Islands.  It  is  12,000  miles  long,  and  700  wide.  The 
southern  part  of  it  is  called  the  Sea  of  Yesso  (or  Jesso.) 

CHANNEL  OF  TARTARY. — Separates  Saghalien  Island  from  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Mantchooria — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsh  with  the  Sea  of  Japan. 

PEROUSE  STRAIT. — Separates  the  Islands  of  Saghalien  and  Yesso, 
and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Yesso  with  the  Sea  of  Japan. 

STRAIT  OF  MATSMAY. — Separates  the  Islands  of  Yesso  and  Ni- 
)hon,  and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  with  the  Pacific 


89 

SEA  OF  JAPAN. — Borders  on  the  eastern  part  of  Mantehooria  and 
Corea,  and  the  western  part  of  Niphon  and  Yesso  Islands.  It  is 
1400  miles  long,  and  600  wide. 

STRAIT  OK  COREA. — Separates  the  Island  of  Keooseoo — and  also 
the  south-western  part  of  Niphon  Island,  from  the  Peninsula  of 
Corea — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  with,  the  eastern 
Sea. 

PETCHELEE  GULF. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  China,  and  south- 
ern part  of  Mantchooria — a  part  of  the  Yellow  Sea — Pei-Ho  river 
flows  into  it. 

YELLOW  SEA. — Borders  on  the  east  of  the  northern  part  of  China — 
the  western  part  of  Corea — and  the  southern  part  of  Mantchooria. 

EASTERN  SEA. — Borders  on  the  eastern  part  of  China,  and  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  the  Loo  Choo  Islands. 

STRAIT  OF  FORMOSA. — Separates  the  island  of  Formosa  from  the 
south-eastern  part  of  China,  and  connects  the  waters  of  the  eastern 
and  China  Seas. 

CHINA  SEA. — Borders  on  the  south-eastern  part  of  China,  and  the 
eastern  part  of  Anam — and  is  partly  separated  from  the  Pacific  Ocean 
by  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  850  miles  wide. 

YEDDO  BAY. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Niphon  Island — a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  city  of  Yeddo  is  situated  on  it,  has  a 
population  of  1,31)0,000,  and  is  said  to  be  20  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. 

GULF  OF  TONQUIN. — In  the  east  of  the  northern  part  of  Anam — a 
part  of  the  China  Sea. 

HUE  BAY. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Anam — a  part  of  the  China  Sea. 

GULF  OF  SIAM. — Between  the  southern  part  of  Siam,  and  south-west- 
ern part  of  Anam — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

STRAIT  OF  MALACCA. — Separates  the  Island  of  Sumatra  from  the 
Peninsula  of  Malacca — and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Indian  and 
Pacific  Oceans.  It  is  30  miles  wide. 

GULF  OF  MARTABAN. — In  the  southern  part  of  Birmah — a  part  of 
the  Indian  Ocean.  Salwen  river  flows  into  it. 

BAY  OF  BENGAL. — Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Hindostan, 
and  western  part  of  Birrnah — a  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

INDIAN  OCEAN. — Borders  on  the  southern  part  of  Asia — the  east  of 
the  southern  part  of  Africa — and  the  western  part  of  Malaysia.  It  is 
5000  miles  lon<r,  and  4000  wide. 

G.  OF  MANAAR. — between  the  southern  part  of  Hindostan — and 
western  part  of  Ceylon  Island — a  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

G.  OF  CAMBAY. — In  the  western  part  of  Hindostan — a  part  of  the 
Indian  Ocean.  Nerbuddah  river  flows  into  it. 

G.  OF  CUTCH. — In  the  western  part  of  Hindostan — north-west  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cambay — a  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

G.  OF  OMAN. — Between  the  south-eastern  part  of  Persia,  and  south- 
eastern part  of  Arabia — a  part  of  the  Arabian  Sea. 

STRAIT  OF  ORMUS. — Separates  the  south-eastern  part  of  Persia  from. 
a  northern  point  of  the  south-eastern  part  of  Arabia,  and  connects  the 
waters  of  the  Persian  Gulf  with  the  Gulf  of  Oman. 

PERSIAN  GULF. — Between  the  southern  part  of  Persia,  and  the  east- 
ern part  of  Arabia — a  part  of  the  Arabian  Sea.  It  is  520  miles  long, 
and  200  wide.  Euphrates  river  flows  into  it. 

8* 


90 

ARABIAN  SEA. — Is  that  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  situated  between 
the  western  part  of  Hindostan,  and  south-eastern  part  of  Arabia. 

STRAIT  OF  BABELMANDEL. — Separates  the  southern  part  of  Arabia 
from  the  south-eastern  part  of  Abyssinia — and  connects  the  waters  of 
the  Red  Sea  with  the  Gulf  of  Aden.  It  is  16  miles  wide. 

RED  SEA. — Between  the  western  part  of  Arabia,  and  the  eastern 
part  of  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia.  It  is  1500  miles  long,  and 
200  wide. 

DEAD  SEA,  OR  L.  ASPHALTITES. — In  the  southern  part  of  Palestine. 
It  is  55  miles  long,  and  20  wide,  and  its  surface  is  1429  feet  be- 
low the  level  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  Jordan  river  and  six 
other  streams  flow  into  it,  yet  it  gives  forth  none :  its  surplus  waters 
being  carried  off  by  evaporation.  Asphaltum  floats  in  great  quanti- 
ties upon  its  surface,  and  a  bituminous  stone,  very  inflammable, 
and  capable  of  receiving  a  high  polish,  is  found  upon  its  shores. 
Its  waters  are  very  limpid — but  extremely  bitter  and  nauseous — 
and  have  strong  petrifying  qualities.  It  is  inclosed  on  the  east 
and  west  by  exceedingly  high  mountains — on  the  north  it  opens 
to  the  plain  of  Jericho,  and  the  valley  of  the  Jordan — on  the  south 
is  the  valley  of  El  Gohr.  Nothing  can  be  more  dreary  than  the 
scenery  around  this  famous  lake — the  soil,  impregnated  with  salt,  is 
without  vegetation — the  air  is  loaded  with  saline  particles — and  the 
bare  crags  of  the  surrounding  mountains,  furnish  no  food  for  either 
beast  or  bird.  Hence,  its  vicinity  is  deserted  by  animated  beings,* 
and  the  dreary  stillness  of  the  place,  is  increased  by  the  nature 
of  the  lake  itself.  Intensely  salt,  its  waters  are  not  moved  by  a 
gentle  breeze — and  owing  to  the  hollowness  of  its  basin,  being 
seldom  affected  by  a  strong  one — its  usual  appearance  is  that  of  stag- 
nation— agreeing  well  with  the  death-like  stillness  and  desolation 
around.  The  cities  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah,  were  once  situated  on 
its  western  bank. 

CASPIAN  SEA. — Borders  on  the  western  part  of  Independent  Tar- 
tary — the  northern  part  of  Persia — the  eastern  part  of  (Jircassia  and 
Georgia,  and  forms  a  portion  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  south- 
western part  of  Asiatic  Russia.  It  is  800  miles  long,  and  200  wide, 
and  its  surface  is  300  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  The 
Attruck,  Ural,  Volga,  and  Kur  rivers  flow  into  it,  but  it  has  no  visi- 
ble outlet.  The  towns  of  Kisliar,  Der'bend,  Reshd,  and  Bal-froosh' 
are  situated  on  its  western  and  southern  coast. 

SEA  OF  ARAL. — In  the  western  interior  of  Independent  Tartary. 
It  is  240  miles  long,  and  150  wide.  The  Amoo  and  Sihon  rivera 
flow  into  it,  and  like  the  Caspian,  it  has  no  communication  with  the 
ocean,  yet  the  prevalent  opinion  is,  that  the  supply  of  water  brought 
to  it  by  these  two  great  rivers,  together  with  several  smaller  streams, 
is  unequal  to  the  quantity  carried  off  by  evaporation ;  and  that  its 
surface  is  gradually  becoming  lower. 

*  Or  nearly  so,  a  few  birds  have  sometimes  been  seen  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  lake. 


91 


RIVERS  OF  ASIA. 


OBI  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Mongolia— flows  first 
a  o-eneral  north-westerly,  then  a  winding1  northerly  course,  passing 
through  the  western  part  of  Siberia  into  he  Gulf  of  Obi,  and  is 
2500  miles  long. 

TOBOL  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Independent  Tar- 
tary — flows  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Irtysh  rivor — 
and  is  700  miles  long. 

ISHIM  R. — Rises  in  the  northery  interior  of  Independent  Tartary — 
flows  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Irtysh  river — and  is 
800  miles  long. 

IRTYSH  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  interior  of  Mongolia — flows 
a  general  north-wasterly  course  to  the  junction  of  the  Tobol — then 
northerly  and  unites  with  the  Obi.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  Siberia  and  Independent  Tartary — and  is  2000  miles  long. 
Tobolsk,  the  capital  of  Siberia,  is  situated  on  its  right  bank — has  a 
population  of  20,000. 

CASHGAR  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  Soongaria — flows  an 
easterly  course  into  Lop  Nor— and  is  700  miles  long. 

YENISEI  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Mongolia — flows  first 
a  westerly,  then  a  winding  northerly  course,  through  the  interior  part 
of  Siberia,  into  Yenisei  Gulf — and  is  2300  miles  long. 

SELINGA  R. — Rises  in  the  north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Mongolia — 
flows  first  a  westerly,  then  a  winding  north-easterly  course  into  Lake 
Baikal. 

ANGARA  R. — Forms  the  oiitlet  of  Lake  Baikal — flows  first  a 
winding  northerly — then  a  general  westerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
Yenisei  river. 

TUNGOOSKA  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Siberia — flows 
first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  north-westerly  course — is  a  branch  of 
Yenisei  river — and  is  1500  miles  long. 

PIACINA  R. — Flows  from  a  small  lake  in  the  northern  part  of  Sibe- 
ria, a  north-westerly  course,  into  the  Polar  Sea. 

KHATANGA,  ANABARA,  AND  OLENSK  RIVERS. — Rise  in  the  northern 
interior  of  Siberia — flow  a  northerly  course  into  the  Polar  Sea. 

LENA  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Siberia,  north-west  of 
Lake  Baikal — flows  north-easterly,  and  unites  with  the  Aldan  river — 
then  a  northerly  course,  into  the  Polar  Sea.  It  is  2600  miles  long. 

INDIGHIRCA  AND  KOLIMA  RIVERS. — Rise  in  the  Altai  Mountains—- 
in the  eastern  part  of  Siberia — flow  a  northerly  course  into  the  Polar 
Sea — the  first  900  and  the  other  600  miles  long. 

A  MOOR  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Mongolia — flows 
first  a  north-easterly,  then  a  south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  general 
north-easterly  course,  into  the  channel  of  Tartary — and  is  2200  miles 
long. 

SOONGAREE,  (OR  SoNGARi)  R. — Rises  in  the  western  interior  of 
Mantchooria — flows  first  a  southerly,  then  an  easterly,  and  lastly,  a 
north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Amoor  river — and  is  1000  miles 
long. 

OOSOOREE,   (OR    USURI)   R. — Rises    in   the  south-eastern  part    of 


0ft 

Mantchooria — flows  a  north-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Amoor 
river,  and  is  500  miles  long-. 

PEI  Ho  R. — Bises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mongolia — flows  a 
south-easterly  course,  through  the  jiorth-eastern  part  of  China,  into 
Petchelee  Gulf,  and  is  300  miles  long.  Pekin,  the  capital  of  China, 
is  situated  near  its  left  bank,  has  a  population  of  1,500,000.  Teentsin 
on  its  right  bank,  has  a  population  of  700,000.  Pekin  is  surrounded 
by  walls,  and  is  19  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  composed  of  two 
parts,  one  called  "The  Imperial  City,"  and  the  other  "The  Chinese 
City."  The  walls  of  the  Imperial  city  are  40  feet  high,  and  20  feet 
thick  at  the  base.  There  are  16  gates,  each  of  which  is  surmounted 
by  a  tower  nine  stories  high,  with  port-holes  for  cannon  in  each 
story.  The  Imperial  canal,  a  work  which  excites  the  admiration  of 
travellers,  communicates  with  Pekin  by  means  of  a  tributary  of  Pei 
Ho  river,  and  connects  this  city  with  Ilang-tcheoo,  (hangpcheoo',) 
the  entire  length  of  this  canal,  including  its  windings,  being  up- 
wards of  650  miles. 

FIoANG  Ho  R. — Rises  on  the  boundary  between  the  southern  part 
of  Mongolia  and  north-eastern  part  of  Thibet — flows  first  an  easterly, 
then  a  winding  north-easterly,  then  an  easterly,  then  H  southerly,  and 
lastly,  an  easterly  course  into  the  Eastern  Sea.  It  is  '2500  miles 
long.  The  city  of  Kaifong  (ki-fong')  is  situated  on  it — has  a  popu- 
lation of  200,000. 

YANGTSE  KIANG  R. — Rises  among  the  Kuen  Lun  Mountains,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Thibet — Hows  a  south-easterly  course  till  it  enters 
China — after  which  its  general  direction  is  easterly,  inclining  slightly 
to  the  north,  through  the  interior  part  of  China.  It  flows  into  the 
Eastern  Sea,  and  is  2800  miles  long.  N.  and  V.  are  situated  on  it. 

HOANG  KIANG  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  China — flows 
first  an  easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  China  Sea — 
and  is  700  miles  long.  The  city  of  Canton  is  situated  on  its  left 
bank  near  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  1,000,000,  and  Macao 
(mah-kah'o)  on  an  island  of  its  own  name,  near  its  month,  has  a 
population  of  30,000. 

CAMBODIA  R. — Bises  in  the  north-eastern  interior  of  Thibet — flo^s 
a  south-easterly  course,  passing  through  the  south-western  part  of 
China,  north-eastern  part  of  Birmah,  and  western  part  of  Anam,  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  2000  miles  long.  The  city  of  Saigon'  is 
situated  on  an  arm  of  this  river — has  a  population  of  100,000. 

MEINAM  R. — ilises  in  the  south  of  the  north-western  part  of  Bir- 
mah— flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  south-easterly  course — passing 
through  Siam,  into  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  It  is  8uO  miles  long.  The 
city  of  B.  is  situated  near  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  90,000. 

SALWEN  R. — Pdsea  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Thibet — flows  a 
southerly  course  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Birmah — forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Birmah  and  Siam,  and  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Martaban.  It  is  900  miles  long. 

IRRAWADDY  R. — Rises  in  Kuen  Lun  Mountains,  in  the  north-western 
part  of  Thibet — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  southerly  course, 
passing  through  Birmah,  into  the  Indian  Ocean  by  several  mouths. 
It  is  1700  miles  long.  The  towns  of  M.,  U.,  A.,  P.,  and  R.  are 
situated  on  it. 

BRAHMAPOOTRA  R.— Sises  in  Kuen  Lun  Mountains  in  the  north-west- 


93 

crn  part  of  Thibet — flows  first  a  general  south-easterly,  then  a  wesv- 
erly,  and  lastly,  a  very  winding  southerly  course  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal.  It  is  1500  miles  long. 

GANGES  R. — Rises  on  the  south-western  declivity  of  the  Himalaya 
mountains — near  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  Hindostan,  in  31°  of 
north  latitude,  or  2147  miles  north  of  the  equator.  Issuing  from  a 
low  arch  called  "  The  Cow's  Mouth,"  beneath  a  mass  of  frozen 
snow,  at  an  elevation  of  13,800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean — 
flows  first  a  south-westerly,  then  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly, 
and  lastly,  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  by  about 
20  mouths.  It  is  1600  miles  long.  The  Falls  of  the  Pabur,  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Ganges,  (or  rather  of  the  Jumna,  a  head  branch  of  the 
Ganges,)  are  the  highest  in  the  known  world,  exceeding  1500  feet. 
There  is  no  other  river  in  the  world,  having  so  many  large  and  po- 
pulous cities  on  its  banks  and  branches,  as  the  Ganges.  The 
principal  of  these  are  D.,  having  a  population  of  200,000.  A.  of 
60,000.  L.  300,000.  B.  630,000.  P.  300,000.  D.  200,000,  and 
C.  300,000. 

The  Ganges  is  considered  sacred  by  Hindoos  of  all  casts — though 
much  more  so  in  some  places  than  in  others.  They  believe  its  waters 
will  purify  from  all  sin ;  accordingly  many  ablutions  and  suicides 
occur,  and  the  feet  of  the  dying,  when  sufficiently  near  residents,  are, 
in  most  instances,  immersed  in  it. 

Hindoo  witnesses  in  British  courts  of  justice,  are  sworn  on  the 
waters  of  the  Ganges. 

MAHANUDDY  R. — Eises  in  the  interior  part  of  Hindostan — flows  a 
south-easterly  course  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  is  450  miles  long. 
The  town  of  Cuttack  is  situated  on  it. 

GODAVERT  R. — Rises  among  the  Ghaut  mountains — in  the  south- 
western part  af  Hindostan — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a  north-east- 
erly course  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  is  600  miles  long. 

KRISHNA  R. — Kises  among  the  Ghaut  mountains — in  the  south- 
western part  of  Hindostan — flows,  with  numerous  windings,  a  general 
easterly  course  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  is  500  miles  long.  The 
town  of  Masulipatam  (mas-soo'le-pa-tam')  is  situated  near  its  mouth — 
has  a  population  of  75,000,  and  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
manufacture  of  chintzes. 

TAPTY  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Hindostan — flows  a  west- 
erly course  into  the  Arabian  Sea.  The  town  of  Surat'  is  situated  on 
it,  20  miles  from  its  mouth — has  a  population  of  160,000. 

NERBUDDAH  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Hindostan — 
flows  (with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  south)  a  westerly  course  into 
the  Gulf  of  Cam-bay,  and  is  800  miles  long.  On  an  island  in  this 
river,  is  a  Banian  tree,  having  3000  trunks,  and  it  is  said  7000  per- 
sons may  repose  under  its  shade.  The  branches  of  the  Banian  tree 
extend  to  the  earth  and  take  root,  and  thus  form  new  trunks,  so  that 
each  tree  is  a  grove. 

INDUS  R. — Rises  among  the  Kuen  Lun  Mountains  near  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Little  Thibet — flows  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  south- 
westerly course,  forming  the  boundary  between  the  north-western  part 
of  Hindostan,  and  the  eastern  parts  of  Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan, 
and  falls  into  the  Arabian  Sea.  It  is  1700  miles  long.  The  towns 
of  T.,  H.,  L.,  U.,  C.,  and  P.  are  situated  on  it. 


p4 

SUTLEDGE  R. — Lises  among  the  Himalaya  mountains  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Little  Thibet — flows  a  general  south-weslerly  course, 
through  the  northern  part  of  Hinclostan — is  a  branch  of  the  Indus 
river,  and  is  900  miles  long. 

RAVEE  R. — Eises  among  the  Himalaya  mountains  in  the  northern 
part  of  Hindostan — flows  a  south-easterly  course,  and  unites  with 
the  Sutlege  river.  L.,  U.,  and  C.  are  situated  on  it. 

HELMUND  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Afghanistan — flows  a 
winding  westerly  course  into  Lake  Zurrah — and  is  600  miles  long. 

ATTRUCK  R. — Forms  most  of  the  boundary  between  Independent 
Tartary  and  Persia — flows  a  westerly  course  into  the  Caspian  Sea, 
and  is  300  miles  long. 

AMOO  R. — Eises  in  the  Hindoo  Koo  mountains,  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Independent  Tartary — flows  first  a  winding  westerly,  then  a 
north-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  northerly  course  into  the  Sea  of  Aral,  and 
is  1000  miles  long.  K.,  the  capital  of  K.,  is  situated  on  its  left 
bank,  and  B.  on  a  branch  of  it. 

SIHON  R. — Eises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Independent  Tartary — flows 
a  winding  north-westerly  course  into  the  Sea  of  Aral,  and  is  700 
miles  long.  K.  is  situated  on  it. 

URAL  R. — Eises  in  the  Ural  mountains,  in  the  south-western  part 
of  Siberia — flows  first  a  southerly,  then  a  westerly,  and  lastly,  a  south- 
erly course,  forming  the  boundary  between  the  north-western  part  of 
Independent  Tartary  and  Asiatic  Russia,  and  falls  into  the  Caspian 
Sea.  It  is  900  miles  long.  The  town  O'ren-boorg,  is  situated  on 
it — has  a  population  of  20.000. 

KOOR  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Armenia — flows  a 
little  south  of  an  easterly  course  through  Georgia,  into  the  Caspian 
Sea.  The  town  of  Tiflis  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of 
45,000. 

EUPHRATES  R. — Eises  in  the  Taurus  Mountains,  in  the  southern 
part  of  Armenia — flows  first  a  westerly,  then  with  numerous  wind- 
ings a  southerly,  and  lastly,  a  general  south-easterly  course,  passing 
through  Mesopotamia,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Turkey 
and  Persia,  falls  into  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  is  1400  miles  long.  The 
town  of  B.,  H.,  and  ruins  of  B.  are  situated  on  it. 

TIGRIS  R. — Rises  in  the  Taurus  mountains,  about  70  miles  north- 
west of  Diarbekr,  in  38°  39'  of  north  latitude,  or  2711  miles  north  of 
the  equator,  at  an  elevation  of  5050  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean — 
flows  a  general  south-easterly  course,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Mesopotamia  and  Koordistan,  and  unites  with  the  Euphrates.  It  is 
900  miles  long.  The  towns  of  B.,  M.,  D.,  and  the  ruins  of  Nine- 
veh are  situated  on  it. 

JORDAN  R. — Rises  in  Mount  Hermon,  in  33°  20'  north  latitude,  or 
2308  miles  north  of  the  equator — flows  a  southerly  course  through 
Palestine,  into  the  Dead  Sea,  and  is  150  miles  long. 

The  valley  of  the  Jordan  was  the  dwelling-place  of  Lot.  Christ 
was  baptized  in  its  waters.  It  was  formerly  much  resorted  to,  and 
even  up  to  the  present  time,  is  visited  every  year,  about  Easter  sea- 
son, by  multitudes  of  pilgrims,  consisting  of  young  and  old,  rich  and 
poor,  sick  and  healthy,  all  of  whom  are  seen  rushing  into  the  stream, 
and  carrying  with  them  a  piece  of  cloth,  with  which  they  wish  to 
he  enveloped  after  death. 


95 


ISLANDS  OF  ASIA. 


NOVA  ZEMBLA  I. — In  the  Polar  Sea,  north-west  of  Siberia — 650 
miles  long-,  and  100  wide. 

KOTELNOI,  NEW  SIBERIA,  AND  LIAGHOFF  Is. — In  the  Polar  Sea, 
north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia. 

BEHRING'S  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  the  southern  part  of 
Kamtchatka. 

PARAMOOSHEER  I.,  KOORIL.E  Is.,  AND  STATEN  I. — Form  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  Sea  of  Yesso — partly  separating  it  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

TCHANTAR  I. — In  the  western  part  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  near  the 
south-eastern  coast  of  Siberia. 

SAGHALIEN  I. — Between  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  the  sea  of  Japan — 
east  of  the  northern  part  of  Mantchooria — from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  channel  of  Tartary.  It  is  600  miles  long,  and  from  25  to  120 
wide. 

YESSO  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Mantchooria,  and  between 
the  islands  of  Saghalien  and  Niphon — being  separated  from  the 
former  by  Perouse  Strait — and  from  the  latter  by  the  Strait  of  Mats- 
may.  It  is  250  miles  long-,  and  100  wide.  The  town  of  Matsmay 
is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  50,000. 

NIPHON,  SIKOKE,  AND  KEOOSEOO  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south- 
east of  Mantchooria.  They  constitute  the  Empire  of  Japan — com- 
prising an  area  of  260,000  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  25,000,000. 
On  iN"iphon  are  the  cities  of  Yeddo,  Miaco,  and  Osaca — the  popula- 
tion of  Yeddo  is  1,300,000,  of  Miaco  500,000,  and  of  Osaca  150,000. 
la  Miaco  is  suspended  the  largest  bell  in  the  known  world.  It  is 
about  18  feet  high  and  weighs  1000  tons. 

QUELPAERT  I. — In  the  Eastern  Sea,  south  of  Corea. 

Loo-Cnoo  Is. — In  the- Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  China. 

FORMOSA  I. — -In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-east  of  China,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Formosa.  It  is  250  miles  long, 
and  70  wide. 

HAINAN  I. — In  the  China  Sea,  south  of  China,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Channel  of  Junks,  16  miles  wide.  This  island  is 
IbO  miles  long,  and  100  wide,  and  comprises  16,000  square  miles. 

PHILIPPINE  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-east  of  China,  and 
jiorth-eastof  Borneo.  The  principal  islands  in  this  group  are  Luzon, 
(its  capital,  Manilla,)  Mindora,  Palawan,  Panay,  Negros,  Samar, 
and  Mindanao.  They  belong  to  the  Spanish  government — were  dis- 
covered in  1521  by  Magellan,  who  was  killed  on  one  of  the  islands. 

BORNEO  I. — The  largest  island  of  the  globe,  Australia  excepted — 
is  situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  4°  of  south,  and  7°  of  north 
latitude — south-east  of  Anam,  and  west  of  Celebes  island — from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Macassar.  Its  length  is  850 
miles,  and  breadth  680.  Area,  286,000  square  miles.  Capital, 
Borneo.  The  camphor-tree,  found  on  this  island,  grows  from  15  to 
16  feet  in  circumference,  and  proportionally  high.  The  tree  is  cut 
down  and  split  into  pieces,  and  the  camphor  (which  is  said  to  be  of 
a  very  superior  quality)  is  found  in  the  fissures. 


CELEBES  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Borneo,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Strait  of  Macassar.  Its  length,  from  north  to  south, 
is  about  500  miles. 

SUMATRA  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  its  northern  part  west,  and 
southern  part  south  of  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca — from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Strait  of  Malacca.  It  is  1000  miles  long,  and  240 
wide.  It  is  estimated  that  30,000,000  pounds  of  pepper  are  produced 
on  this  island  annually,  which  is  more  than  the  whole  produce  of  all 
other  parts  of  the  world. 

PULO-PINANG  AND  JuNKCEYLON  Is. — Two  small  islands  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  near  the  western  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Malacca, 
and  southern  part  of  Siarn. 

ANDAMAN  Is. — group  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  south-west  of  Birmah. 

NICOBAR  Is. — A  group  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  west  of  the  southern 
part  of  Siam,  and  north-west  of  Sumatra. 

CEYLON  I. — In  the  Indian  Ocean,  south-east  of  the  southern  part 
of  Hiridostan — from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Manaar. 
Length  '270  miles,  breadth  140.  The  towns  of  Candy  and  Colombo 
are  situated  on  it. 

MALDIVE  Is. — A  group  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  south-west  of  the 
southern  part  of  Hindostan. 

LACCADIVE  Is. — A  group  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  west  of  the  southern 
part  of  Hindostan. 

BOMBAY  I. — In  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the  west  coast  of  Hindostan. 
The  town  of  Bombay  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of  200,000. 

ISLE  OF  ORMUS. — In  the  Strait  of  Ormus,  near  the  southern  coast 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Persia. 

BAHREIN  I. — In  the  Persian  Gulf,  near  the  eastern  coast  of  Arabia. 

SOCOTRA  I. — In  the  Indian  Ocean,  east  of  Berbora. 


LAKES  OF  ASIA. 

L.  BAIKAL. — In  the  southern  part  of  Siberia.  It  is  370  miles  long, 
and  40  wide,  and  more  than  600  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is  1793  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  Selinga  river  flows  into  it — and 
Angara  forms  its  only  outlet. 

L.  ALTYN. — In  the  south  of  the  western  part  of  Siberia.  The  Obi 
river  flows  through  it. 

L.  TCHANY. — In  the  south-western  part  of  Siberia — 180  miles 
long. 

BALCASH  L. — In  the  western  part  of  Soongaria. 

ZAIZAN,  NOR. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Soongaria.  The  IrLysh  river 
flows  through  it. 

LOP  NOR. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Little  Bucharia.  Cashgar  river 
flows  into  it. 

KOKO  NOR. — In  the  north-western  part  of  China. 

TONTING  L — In  the  interior  part  of  China,  south  of  Yangtse  Kiang 
river,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

POYANG  L. — In  the  eastern  part  of  China — connected  with  the 
Yangtse  Kiang  river. 

L.  ZURRAH. — In  the  western  part  of  Afghanistan.  Helmund  river 
flows  into  it. 


97 

L.  OOROOMEEA. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Persia. 

L.  TIBERIAS. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Palestine.  The  Jordan 
river  flows  through  it.  It  is  15  miles  long,  and  7  wide.  On  and 
near  this  lake  occurred  many  striking  events  in  the  history  of  Christ. 


MOUNTAINS  OF  ASIA. 

THIAN  CHAN  MTS. — Extend  through  Chinese  Tartary,  from  east 
to  west.  They  are  3000  miles  long,  and  20,000  feet  high, 

ALTAI  MTS. — Extend  through  the  eastern  and  southern  part  of 
Liberia — separating  it  from  Chinese  Tartary — the  general  direction 
of  the  eastern  is  north-west  and  south-east — that  of  the  western  part, 
nearly  east  and  west — the  length  of  the  entire  chain  is  5000  miles — 
greatest  height  12,000  feet. 

BELOOR  MTS. — Separate  the  western  part  of  Little  Bokhara  from  the 
south-eastern  part  of  Independent  Tartary,  and  the  north-western  part 
of  Little  Thibet,  from  the  north-eastern  part  of  Afghanistan — connects 
the  Thian  Chan  range  with  the  Himalaya  monntains. 

THSOUNGLING  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  Little  Bokhara 
and  Little  Thibet.  Their  course  is  north-west  and  south-east. 

KUEN  LUN  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  Little  Bokhara  and 
Thibet — and  most  of  the  boundary  between  Thibet  and  Mongolia — 
greatest  height  is  16,000  feet. 

PELING  MTS. — Extend  through  China,  from  east  to  west.  They 
are  connected  with  the  Kuen  Lun  mountains. 

MELING  MTS. — Extend  through  the  southern  part  of  China,  from 
east  to  west. 

HIMALAYA  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  the  north-eastern 
part  of  Hindostan  and  south-western  part  of  Thibet — extending  north- 
west and  south-east.  Dhawalaghiri,  the  most  elevated  peak,  is 
28,000  feet  high.*  On  the  north  slope  of  these  mountains,  villages 
are  situated  from  11,000  to  13,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean, 
while  grain  is  cultivated  as  high  as  13,500  feet,  and  birch  trees  grow 
up  to  14,000.  Vegetation  extends  to  17,000  feet  on  the  north,  while 
on  the  south  slope,  even  strawberries  and  currants  thrive  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  11,600  feet. 

In  connexion  with  the  Himalayas,  may  be  mentioned  the  dripping 
rock  of  Sansdara,  on  the  south-western  declivity,  near  the  source  of 
the  Jumna  river,  situated  in  a  romantic  valley,  surrounded  by  tower- 
ing mountains,  which  rise  almost  perpendicularly  to  the  height  of 
5000  feet,  and  are  clothed  to  their  very  summits  in  the  most  beautiful 
growth  of  birch  and  pine  trees.  A  mass  projecting  like  the  roof  of 
an  open  piazza,  some  50  yards  in  extent,  everhangs  a  basin  of  water, 
while  above  it,  there  is  a  small  stream,  which  being  absorbed  by  the 
marshy  nature  of  the  soil,  is  filtered  through  the  crevices  of  the  rock, 
and  falls  into  the  basin  in  continual  showers.  The  roof  of  the  rock, 
and  also  of  a  neighbouring  cave,  are  covered  with  beautiful  incrusta- 
tions which,  in  some  cases,  have  descended  to  the  floor,  having  the 
appearance  of  sparkling  pillars. 

*  Choumalarie  is  given  in  some  works,  as  the  highest  point,  having  an 
elevation  of  29,000  feet,  but  the  authority  for  this  seems  doubtful. 

9 


1)8 

GHAUT  Mrs. — Extend  along  the  south-eastern  and  south-western 
coast  of  Hindostan — running  parallel  with  the  coast. 

ADAMS'S  PEAK. — In  the  interior  part  of  Ceylon  island. 

HINDOO  Koo  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  the  northern  part 
of  Afghanistan,  and  southern  part  of  Independent  Tartary — extending 
east  and  west — greatest  height  20,000  feet. 

ELBROOZ  MTS. — Extend  east  and  west  through  the  northern  part  of 
Persia.  They  are  connected  with,  the  Hindoo  Koo  mountains. 

CAUCASUS  MTS. — Extend  from  the  Caspian  to  the  Black  Sea — 
separating  Circassia  from  Georgia — their  course  is  north-west  and 
south-east — greatest  height  is  18,000  feet. 

MT.  ARARAT. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Armenia — bordering 
on  the  north-western  part  of  Persia,  and  southern  part  of  Georgia. 
It  is  17,620  feet  high,  and  is  noted  for  being  the  place  where  Noah's 
Ark  rested  after  the  deluge. 

TAURUS  MTS. — Extend  through  the  southern  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  are  9000  feet  high. 

RAMLEAH  MTS. — Extend  nearly  east  and  west,  through  the  northern 
part  of  Arabia. 

MT.  SINAI. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Arabia — north  of  the  Red 
Sea — noted  for  being  the  place  where  Moses  received  the  ten  com- 
mandments on  the  tablets  of  stone.  Mt.  Horeb  rises  from  the  same 
base  as  Sinai,  and  is  connected  with  some  of  the  most  important  events 
in  sacred  history. 

MT.  PISGAH. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Palestine — noted  for 
being  the  place  where  Moses  obtained  a  view  of  the  promised  land, 
which  he  was  not  permitted  to  enter. 

MT.  OF  OLIVES. — In  the  southern  interior  of  Palestine — north-west 
of  the  Dead  Sea — noted  for  being  the  place  whence  Christ  ascended 
to  heaven. 

MT.  GILBOA. — In  the  interior  part  of  Palestine,  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  Jordan  river. 

MT.  TABOR. — In  the  northern  interior  of  Palestine — noted  for  the 
transfiguration  of  Christ. 

MT.  CARMEL. — In  the  southern  part  of  Phoanicia,  and  west  of  Mt. 
Tabor. 

MT.  HERMAN. — On  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  Palestine. 

MTS.  OF  LEBANON. — Extend  through  the  northern  part  of  Syria, 
from  Palestine  to  Asia  Minor. 


CAPES  OF  ASIA. 

C.  ZELANIA. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Nova  Zemble  Island — ex- 
tending into  the  Polar  Sea. 

C.  CEVERO  VOSTOCHNOI. — A  northern  point  of  Siberia — extending 
into  the  Polar  Sea. 

C.  CHALAGSKOI. — A  north-western  point  of  the  eastern  part  of  Sibe- 
ria— extending  into  the  Polar  Sea. 

C."  ST.  THADEUS. — A  north-eastern  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  Kamt- 
chatka — extending  into  the  sea  of  Kamtchatka. 

C.  LOPATKA. — The  southern  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchat- 
ka— extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


09 

C.  CAMBODIA. — The  southern  point  of  Anam — extending  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  ROMANIA. — The  south-eastern  point  of  Malacca — extending  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  NEGRAIS. — The  south-western  point  of  Birmah— extending  into 
the  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  COMORIN. — The  southern  point  of  Hindostan — extending  into 
the  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  ISOLETTE. — The  south-eastern  point  of  Arabia — extending  into 
the  Arabian  Sea. 

C.  RAS  AL  GAT. — The  eastern  point  of  Arabia — extending  into  the 
Arabian  Sea. 


THE  GREAT  WALL  of  China  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
northern  part  of  China  and  Mongolia,  and  of  China  and  Mantchooria. 
Its  general  direction  is  east  and  west.  It  is  1250  miles  long1,  from 
15  to  30  feet  high,  and  15  feet  wide  across  the  top.  It  is  carried  over 
the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains  and  through  the  deepest  valleys, 
and  continued  by  bridges  over  rivers — has  towers  erected  at  short 
intervals,  some  of  them  37  feet  high.  It  was  built  several  hundred 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  as  a  defence  against  the  incursions  of 
the  Tartars,  and  it  is  said  that  several  millions  of  men  were  em- 
ployed during  five  years  in  its  construction. 

ASIA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Black  Sea,  European  Russia, 
and  the  Frozen  Ocean — on  the  east  by  the  Pacific  Ocean — on  the 
south  by  the  Indian  Ocean — on  the  south-west  by  the  Red  Sea,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Africa — on  the  west  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Grecian 
Archipelago,  Black  Sea,  Sea  of  Azof,  and  European  Russia,  (Volga 
river  and  Ural  mountains  designating  the  line  of  demarcation.)  It 
is  connected  with  Africa  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  which  is  65  miles 
wide,  and  separated  from  North  America  by  Behring's  Strait,  which 
is  40  miles  wide. 


QUESTIONS 

ON 

THE   MAP   OF    ASIA.    . 

Where  is  the  Krishna  (or  Kistna)  R.  Gulf  of  Siam. 

Red  Sea.  Ghaut  Mts.  Petchelee  G. 

Poyang  L.  Niphon  I.  Obi  R. 

Channel  of  Tartary.       Elbrooz  Mt.  •    Mt.  Ararat. 

Helmund  R.  L.  Baikal.  Sihon  R. 

Pei-Ho  R.  Dead  Sea.  Str.  of  Malacca. 

Hainan  I.  Gr.  Salt  Desert.  Str.  of  Babelmandel. 

Kotelnoi  I.  Irrawaddy  R.  Perouse  (pe-rooz')  St. 


100 


Zaizan  Nor. 
Nerbuddah  R. 
G.  of  Mar'calrjn*,  ->  .  v 
Sea  of  Aral.' "  *  -»~  • 
Lop  Nor. 
Str.  of  Matsmay. 
Ural  R. 

C.  Ras  Al  Gat. 
C.  Lopatka. 
Andaman  Is. 
Tigris  R. 
Thian  Chan  Mts. 
Dead  G. 
G.  of  Cambay. 
G.  of  Anadeer. 
Desert  of  Gobi. 
Mt.  Pisgah. 
G.  of  Manaar. 
Cash  gar  R. 
Hindoo  Koo  (or  Hin- 
doo Koosh)  Mts. 


Caspian  Sea. 
Koko  Nor. 
•Euphrates  R. 
Himalaya  (or  Himma- 

leh)  Mts. 
Laccadive  Is. 
Teh  an  tar  I. 
Mahanuddy  R. 
Caucasus  Mts. 
Des  of  Akhaf. 
Tonting  L. 
G.  Sandy  Desert. 
Mt.  Tabor. 
Yeddo  B. 
Mt.  Sinai. 
Yangtse  Kiang  R. 
Nicobar  I. 
C.  Romania. 
Loo-Choo  Is. 
Mt.  of  Olives. 
Ceylon  I. 


Balcash  L. 
Nova  Zembla  I. 
G.  of  Tonquin. 
Jordan  R. 
G.  of  Lena. 
Adams's  Pe'ak. 
East  Cape. 
Mt.  C  arm  el. 
Hoang  Kiang  R. 
C.  St.  Thadeus. 
Attruck  R. 
Persian  G. 
Cambodia  R. 
L.  Tchany. 
Ganges  R. 
Amoo 

(or  Amu)  R. 
Isthmus  of  Suez 
Great  Wall. 
Meinam  R. 


PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS. 


Where  is  the 

Savannah  R. 

Gut  of  Canseau. 

C.  Fear  R; 

Potomac  R. 

Koksak  R. 

Delaware  B. 

Penobscot  R. 

Churchill  R. 

Vacassar  B. 

Severn  R. 

Casco  B. 

G.  of  Bothnia. 

Ottawa  R. 

Chesapeake  B. 

Elba  I. 

Tampa  B. 

Yazoo  R. 

Loffoden  I. 

G.  of  Georgia. 

Saco  R. 

Guadalquivir  R. 

Str.  of  Bellisle. 

Licking  R. 

Str.  of  Yenikale. 

Muskingum  R. 

Oneida  L. 

English  Channel. 

Juniata  R. 

Vineyard  Sound. 

White  Sea. 

Buzzard's  B. 

Sabine  R. 

Ardencaple  Inlet. 

Ogeechee  R. 

Saganaw  B. 

Charlotte's  H. 

Krishna  R. 

B.  of  Biscay. 

Anticosti  I. 

Ghaut  Mts. 

Auvergne  Mts. 

Disco  I. 

Niphon  I. 

N.  Channel. 

G.  of  California. 

Elbrooz  Mts. 

Sierre  Morenna  Mts. 

Pr.  Wm.  Sound. 

L.  Baikal. 

L.  Ladoga. 

Kotelnoi  I. 

Dead  Sea. 

Zante  I. 

Hainan  I.     9 

C.  Matapan. 

C.  Clear. 

Pei-Ho  R. 

Oesel  I. 

Gr.  Salt  Desert. 

Helmund  R. 

Irish  Sea. 

Irrawaddy  R. 

Channel  of  Tartary. 

G.  of  Taranto. 

Ramleah  Mts. 

Poyang  L. 

C.  Finesterre. 

G.  of  Siam. 

Red  Sea. 

Petchora  R. 

Petchelee  G. 

Schuylkill  R. 

Bay  of  Campeachy. 

ObiR. 

York  R. 

Richmond  G. 

Mt.  Ararat. 

Galveston  R. 

Southampton  I. 

Sihon  R. 

Green  R. 

G.  Tehuantepec. 

Winnipiseogee  L. 

• 

#,<>> 

KT^ 

101 

*•"• 

V    ' 

***J 

Brazo^R. 

Big  Sandy  K*^C\£ 

•  Gi«C§aH^'^  ^\2r 

Mobile  B. 

Pensacola  B.  ^^S 

^U&JHMJP&^ 

Arctic  Highlands. 
Mt.  Etna. 

Genesee  R. 
Tar  R. 

Black  Mts.  ' 

L.  Chapala. 
Norton's  Sd. 

Miami  R. 
C.  Cod. 

Black  Hills. 
Seneca  L. 

Spanish  Peaks. 
Gr.  Bear  L. 

Rappahannock  R. 
Skeneateles  L. 

Delaware  R. 
Grand  R. 

I.  of  Pines. 

Moosehead  L. 

Rum  R. 

Gothland  I. 

Flint  R. 

Mt.  Tabor. 

Malta  I. 

Jan  Mayen  I. 

Yeddo  B.  (or  Jeddo.) 

Sea  of  Marmora. 

Ignacio  I. 

Mt.  Sinai. 

Cevennes  Mts. 

Q.  Charlotte  Sd. 

Ural  R. 

Land's  End. 

L.  Mistissiny. 

Thsoungling  Mts. 

Str.  of  Dardenelles. 

C.  Race. 

(tsoong'ling'.) 

Corsica  I. 

Sky  I. 

C.  Lopatka. 

Dwina  R. 

Sea  of  Azof.    „ 

Quelpaert  I. 

Str.  of  Malacca. 

Seine  R. 

Andaman  Is. 

Str.  of  Babelmandel. 

G.  of  Lyons. 

Tigris  R. 

Perouse  Str. 

I.  of  Man. 

Thian  Chan  Mts. 

Zaizan  Nor. 

G.  of  Dantzic. 

Cattegat. 

Nerbuddah  R. 

Wabash  R. 

Balkan  Mts. 

Sea  of  Aral. 

L.  Erie. 

C.  Teulada. 

Lop  Nor. 

Muscle  Shoals. 

Onega  R. 

Str.  of  Matsmay. 
Albemarle  Sound. 

Muscongus  B. 
Lake  Champlain. 

Pruth  R. 
Cephalonia  I. 

Green  Mts. 

Mars  Hill. 

Str.  of  Gibraltar. 

Mohawk  R. 

Euphrates  R. 

Aland  I. 

New  Inlet. 

Koko  Nor. 

Str.  of  Otranto. 

Roanoke  R. 

Himalaya  Mts. 

G.  of  Finland. 

L.  Island  Sd. 

Lacadive  Is. 

Lipari  Is. 

San  Francisco  B. 

Tchantar  I. 

Mt.  Hecla. 

C.  Walsingham. 
C.  Mendocino. 

Mahanuddy  R. 
Caucasus  Mts. 

C.  Corrientes. 
C.  St.  Antonio. 

C.  Robertson. 

Des.  of  Akhaf. 

C.  Chudleigh  (written 

Sabine  I. 

Tonting  L. 

also  Chidley.) 

L.  Chelehkof. 

G.  Sandy  Des. 

B.  of  Guatemala. 

C.  St.  Vincent. 

Lemnos  I. 

Wachusett  Mt. 

North  Sea. 

Rugen  I. 

C.  Henry. 

Corfu  I. 

Cantabrian  Mts. 

Pearl  R. 

Baltic  Sea. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

James  R. 

C.  Sviatoi. 

L.  Geneva. 

Tongue  R. 

C.  Passaro. 

Zealand  I. 

Nantucket  I. 

Lewis  I. 

G.  Genoa. 

Barataria  B. 

L.  Peipus. 

Icy  C. 

Connecticut  R. 

G.  Cambay. 

Sable  I. 

Itasca  L. 

G.  of  Anadeer. 

Cosiguina. 

Dead  G. 

Desert  of  Cobi. 

Tule  Lakes. 

Balcash  L. 

Mt.  Pisgah. 

Barthurst  Inlet. 

Nicobar  Is. 

G.  of  Manaar. 

Musquito  B. 

C.  Romania. 

Cashgar  R. 

C.  Cannaveral. 

Loo  Choo  Is. 

Hindoo  Koo  R. 

Corn  Is. 

Mt.  of  Olives. 

Caspian  Sea. 

Grand  B. 

Ceylon  I. 

9* 

102 


G.  of  Venice. 
Str.  of  Messiaa. 
L.  Garda. 
L.  Wetter. 
Candia  I. 
Minho  R. 
Black  Sea. 
Zuyder  Zee. 
Clara  R. 
Mississippi  R. 
Ohio  R. 
Rhine  R. 


L.  Memphramagog. 

St.  Joseph  R. 

Pittsburg. 

Portland. 

Buffalo. 

L.  Pontchartrain. 

Ozark  Mts. 

Volga  R. 

Tornea  R. 

Ebro  R. 

Donegal  B. 

L.  Maelar. 

Metelin  I. 

How  do  the  waters  of™*'  ??* uvius' 
Green  Say  reach  theG'°*\e™'  . 
ocean?  *  Adams's  Peak. 

East  Cape. 

Waters  of  the  Don  R.   Iceland. 

Coronation  G. 

Vancouver's  I. 

Mt.  St.  Elias. 

Pr.  Edward's  I. 

Davis's  Str. 

Nova  Zerabla  I, 

G.  of  Tonquin. 

Jordan  R. 

C.  Closterbay. 

Sitka  I. 

Ungava  B. 

Bermudas  Is, 


Hoang  Kiang  R. 
Ishim  R. 


Mt.  Hooker. 
Bahama  Is. 

Mohegan  Mts, 
Salt  R. 


King's  Cape. 
Pt.  De  Witt  Clinton. 
C.  St.  Lewis. 
C.  Orford. 
Amatique  B. 
Catskill  Mts. 
Altamaha  R. 
Chesuncook  L. 
L.  Michigan. 
Spirit  L. 
Baltimore. 
Thunder  B. 
C.  St.  Thadeus. 
Attruck  R. 


Persian  G. 
Cambodia  R.  • 
Grampian  Hills. 
Dniester  R. 
Tagus  R. 
Negropont  I. 
I.  of  Wight. 
PoR. 

Water  Volcano. 
Cumberland  Str. 
Pictured  Rocks. 
Pt.  Beechey. 
C.  Farewell. 
L.  Tchany. 
Ganges  R. 
Amoo  R. 
Isthmus  of  Suez. 
Meinam  R. 
Osage  R. 
Yellow  Stone  R. 
Mt.  Jorullo. 
Colorado  R. 
Bantry  B. 
Oder  R. 
G.  of  Athens. 
Cyprus  I. 
Str.  of  Bonifacio. 
Str.  of  Dover. 
Cerigo. 
Shannon  R. 
Isthmus  of  Darien. 
Platte  R. 
Ural  Mts. 


DIVISIONS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


(ki-enn'.) 
Braz-il',  Rio  Janeiro, 


New  Granada,  Bogota,  French  Guiana,   Cay 
(grah-nah'dah.) 
(bo-go-tah/.) 

Venezuela,  Carac'cas, 
(ven-ez-wee'la.) 
(or  Caracas.) 

British  Guiana,  (ghe- 
ah'na.)  Georgetown. 

Dutch    Guiana,    Para- 
maribo. 


(ri'o  ja-nee'ro.) 
Paraguay,  Assumption 
U'ruguay,  Montevid'eo 
Buenos  Ayres,  Buenos 

Ayres, 

(bd*nus  a'rez.) 


Patago'nia. 
Chi'li,  Santiago, 

(san-te-ah'go.) 
BoWvia,  Chuquisaca. 

(ch  oo-ke-sah'kah .) 
Peru,  Lima, 

(pe-roo',) 

(lee'jmah.) 
Ecuador7,  (or  Equator) 

Quito,  (kee'to.) 


103 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 


G.  of  Venezuela. 
L.Maracaybo,  110  m.l. 

(mah-rah-ki'bo. 
Ipava  L. 

(e-pah'vah.) 
Pinzon  B. 

(pin-zone'.) 
Atlantic  Ocean. 
B.  of  All  Saints. 
Marambaya  B. 

(mah-ram-bi'ah.) 
Paranagua  B. 

(  pah-rah-nah'gwah . ) 
L.  De  los  Patos,  150 

m.  1. 
L.  Mirim, 

(me-reem'.) 
L.  Ibera, 

(e-ba'rah.) 
L.     Xarayes,     (called 

also  Maudior.) 

(hah-ri'es.) 
L.  Ubahy, 

(oo-bah-ee'.) 
L.  del  Valle, 

(del-val'ya.) 
Porongos  L. 

(por-rong'goce.) 
Blan'co  B. 
St.  Mathi'as  B. 
Desengano  B. 

(des-en-gan^o.) 
St.  George's  B. 
L.  Coluguape, 

(ko-loo-gwah'pay.) 
Str.  of  Magel'lan. 
Str.  of  Le  Maire. 
G.  of  Pefias, 

(pain'yas.) 

Cho'nos  Archipelago. 
G.  of  Guaiteca, 

(gwi-ta'kah.) 
Talcahuana  B. 

(tal-kah-wah'nah.) 
Valparaiso  B. 

(val-pah-ri'so.) 
L.  Titicaca,  140  m.  1. 

(t.it-e-kah'kah.) 
L.  Rey'es. 


G.  of  Guayaquil, 
(gwi-ah-keel'.  ) 

Sardinas  B. 
(sar-deen'as.) 

B.  of  Cho'co. 

B.  of  Panama, 
(pan-a-mah'.) 

G.  of  Da'rien. 

RIVERS, 


Huallaga,  5. 

(wal-yah'gah.) 
U  cay  ale,  12. 

(oo-ki-ah'la.) 
Javary  (or  Yavari.) 

(hah-vah-ree'.) 
Jutay,  7. 

(hoo-tiA.) 
Jurua,  8. 

(hoo-roo'ah.) 
Purus,  9. 

(poo'rus.) 
Madeira,  22. 

(ma-dee'ra.) 
Beni, 


Magdale'na,  9. 
Cauca,  6. 

(kow'kah.) 
Orino'co,  15. 

Arauca,  5.  (ba-nee'.) 

(a-row'kah.)  Mamore,  12. 

Meta,  6.  (mah-mo'ray.) 

(ma'tah.)               •  Branco,  10. 

Guaviare,  6.  Guapore,  5. 

(gwah-ve-ah'ray.)  (gwah-po'ray.) 

Casiquiare,  Topayos,  11. 

(kah-se-ke-ah'ray.)  (to-pi'yoce.) 

Caroni,  Xingu,  13. 

(kah-ro-nee'.)  (shin-goo'.) 
Essequibo,  4^  (written  Araguay,  11. 

also  Essequebo.)  (ar-ah-gwi'.) 

(es-se-kee'bo.) 


Demerar'a. 
Surinam',  3. 
Maroni,  3£. 

(rnah-ro-nee'.) 
Oy-a-pock'. 
Am'azon,  40. 
Trombetas, 

(trom-ba'tas.) 
Branc'o. 
Negro, 

(na'gro.) 
Uaupes,  6, 

(wow'pes.) 
Caqueta,  11. 

(kah-ka'tah.) 
Apapura, 

(ah-pah-poo'rahO 
Putumayo,  8. 

(poo-too-mi'o.) 
Tunguragua,  9. 


Tocantins,  11. 

(to-kan-teens7.) 
Para,  12. 

(pah-rah'.) 
Gurapy,  5. 

(goo-rah-pee'.) 
Paranaiba,  8. 

(pah-rah-nah-ee'bah } 
St.  Francis'co,  13. 
U'ruguay,  8. 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  21 

(ree'o-d el-ah  plah'tah) 
Parana,  19. 

(pah-rah-nah'.) 
Paraguay'  12. 
JPilcomayo,  11. 

(pil-ko-mi'o.) 
Vermejo,  10. 

(ver-ma'ho.) 
Salado,  8. 

(sah-lah'do.) 


(toong-goo-rah'gwah)  Dulce,  5.  (dooKsa.) 


101 


Tercero, 

Mas  a  Fuera, 

TOWNS. 

(ter-sa'ro.) 

(  ma  h  -sah-fwa'rah  .) 

La  Guay'ra. 

Saladillo,  4. 

Mas  a  Tierra, 

Valen'cia. 

(sah-lah-deel'yo.) 

(  ma  s-ah-te-er'rah  .) 

Coro. 

Colorado,  10, 

St.  Felix. 

Maracaybo, 

Rio  Negro,  7. 
Camaro'nes. 

St.  Ambrose. 
Puna, 

(ma-rah-ki'bo.) 
Cartage'na, 

Port  Desire  R. 

(poo'nah.) 

(or  Carthagena.) 

Porto  Bel'lo. 

ISLANDS, 

MOUNTAINS, 

Panama  — 

Joannes,  150  m.  I. 

Geral  Mts. 

Guayaquil, 

(zho-an'nes.) 

(Zha-ral'.) 

(gwi-ah-keel'.) 

St.  Anne, 

Acaray  Mts. 

Riobamba, 

(san-ta'  ah'nah.) 

(ah-kah-ri'.) 

(re-o-bam'bah.) 

Fernando  de  Noronha, 

Brazilian   Mts.,  2100 

Cuenca, 

(fer-nan'do  da  no- 

m.  1. 

(kweng'kah.) 

rone'yah.) 

Vul'can  Mts. 

Guamang^a. 

Itamaraca, 

An'des  Mts.,  4800  m.l. 

Cuz'co. 

(ee-tah-mah-rah-kah') 

Mt.    Illimani,    24,350  Puno, 

Abrolhos  Is. 

f.  h. 

(poo'no.) 

(ah-brole'yoce.) 

(eel-yah-mah'ne. 

Arequipa  — 

Martin  Vas  Is. 

Mt.  Sorata,  25,400. 

(ar-a-kee'pah.) 

St.  Sebas'tian. 

(so-rah'ta.) 

La-Paz. 

Cananea, 

Mt.  Cotopaxi,  19,000. 

Cochabam'ba. 

(kah-nah-na'ah.) 

(co-to-pax'e.) 

Potosi, 

Sta.Catharina, 

Mt.  Chimboraz'o,  21,- 

(po-to-see'.) 

(santa-cat-ah-ree'nah) 

730. 

Coquimbo, 

Taramandi, 

Mt.  Pichin'cha,  16,000. 

(ko-keem'bo.) 

(tar-ah-man'de.) 

Valparaiso, 

Sandwich  Land. 

CAFES. 

(val-pah-ri'so.) 

South  Georgia. 

Gallinas, 

Concep'tion. 

South  Orkney  Is. 

(gal-lee'nas.) 

Mendo'za  — 

South  Shetland  Is. 

Orange. 

Para, 

Aurora  Is. 

North. 

(pah-rah'.) 

Falkland  Is. 

St.  Roque. 

Maraniiam', 

Staten  Land. 

Frio,  (fre'o.) 

(or  Maranhao.) 

Ter're  del  Fu-e'go. 

St.  Ato'nio. 

Pernambuco, 

Hermit. 

Corrien'tes. 

(per-nam-boo'ko.) 

Camden. 

Blanco. 

Sergippe  Del  Rey. 

Wellington,  150  m.  1. 

Horn. 

(ser-zheep'a  del-ray) 

Chiloe, 

Pillar. 

Bahia, 

(cheel-o-a'.) 

Francisco. 

(bah-ee'ah.) 

Juan'  Fernan'dez  Is. 

Pt.  Mariato. 

(or  St.  Salvador.) 

105 


DIVISIONS  OF  AFRICA. 


Barbary  States. 
Morocco,  Morocco, 
Algiers',  Algiers. 
Beled'el-Jereed', 

(or  Beledeljerid.) 
Tu'nis,  Ts. 
Tripoli,  Ti. 

(trip'o-le.) 

Fezzan',  Moorzook'. 
Barca,  Derne. 
Egypt,  Cairo, 

(ki'ro.) 
Nu'bia, 

Don'gola,  New  D-a. 
Senaar7  Sr. 
Abyssin'ia. 
Amhara,  Gon'dar. 

(am-hah'ra.) 
Somaulies  Country. 

(so-mo'leez.) 
Ad  el,  Zeyla, 

(ah-del'za'elah.) 


Ber'bera,  B-a, 
Ajan,  (ah-zhan'.) 
Zanguebar7. 
Mozambique,  M-e. 

(mo-zam-beek'.) 
Monomotapa,  Zirabao. 

(mon-o-mo-tab/pa.) 
Cazem'be,  C-e. 
Boshuana,        (written 

also  Betchuana  and 

Bechuana)  Country. 
Caffraria,  Port  Natal. 
Cape  Colony,  Cape 

Town. 

Hottentot's  Country. 
Cimbebas, 

(sim-ba'bas.)        • 
Lower  Guinea. 
Benguela,  San  Felipe, 

De,  B-a. 

(Ben-ga'lah.) 
Matem'ba. 


Ango'la,  St.  Paul  De 

Loando. 

Cong'o,  St.  Salvador. 
Lo-ang/o,  L-o. 
Upper  Guinea. 
Benin,  B-n.  (ben-een') 
Dah/omey,  Ab'omey. 
Ashan'tee,  Coomas'sie. 
Liberia,  Monrovia. 
Sierra  Leone,  Free  T. 

(se-er'ra  le-o'ne.) 
Senegara'bia,  Timboo'. 
Soodan',     (Soudan    or 

Sudan)    Sego,    Sac- 

catoo,  Timbuctoo. 
Bergoo',  Wara. 
Darfoor',  (or  Darfur,) 

Cob'be. 

Kordofan,  Ibeit. 
Fertit  and  Donga. 
Etbiopia. 
Unexplored  Regions. 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 


Str.  of  Gibraltar. 
Mediterranean        Sea, 

2250. 

G.  of  Sid'ra. 
Red  Sea,  1500  m.  1. 
G.  of  Su'ez. 
Str.  of  Babelmandel. 
G.  of  Aden, 

(ah'den.) 
Indian  Ocean. 
Ethiopian  Archipelago 
Mozambique  Channel, 

240  m.  w. 
Bombetok'  B. 
Vohemaire  B. 

(vo-he-mar'.) 
Antongil  B. 

(an-ton-zheel'.) 
Delago'a  B. 
Agulhas  (written  also 

Lagullas)  B. 


Table  B. 
St.  Hele'na  B. 
Santa  Cruz  B. 
Walwisch  B. 
Great  Fish  B. 
G.  of  Guinea. 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

LAKES, 

Lowde'ah. 
Dibbie, 

(dib'bee.) 
Tchad. 
Fittre, 

(fiftra.) 
Dem'bea. 
Maravee, 

(mah-rah've.) 

RIVERS. 

Nile,  28. 


El  Abiad, 

(el-ah/be-ad.) 
El  Az'rek. 
Tacazze, 

(tah-kat'say.) 
Web'be. 
Ozee'. 
Manice, 

(man-nis'sa.) 
Zambeze, 

(zam-ba'ze.) 
St.  Lucia. 
Great  Key. 
Kous'sie. 
Orange,  10. 
Bembaroughe, 

(bem-bah-rooh'.) 
Cunene,  (koo-na'ne.) 
Co-an'za. 
Am'briz. 
Con'go. 
Umbre,  (oom'bra.) 


106 


Mis-se-lad'. 

May'o,  (mi'o.) 

Red  Mts. 

Shary, 

St.  Jag'o. 

Radama  Mts. 

(shah'ree.) 

Fo'go. 

(rah'dah-mah.) 

Yeoo, 

Brava. 

Peak      of      Tenerifle, 

(ya-oo'.) 

(brah'vah.) 

11,946  f.  h. 

Niger,  27. 

Canary  Is. 

(ni'jer.) 

Fe/ro. 

GAPES, 

Tsad'da. 

Palma, 

Bo'na. 

White. 

(pal'mah.) 

Guardafui, 

St.  Paul's,  3. 

Teneriffe, 

(gwar-dah-fwee'.) 

Rio  Grande,  10. 

(ten-er-iff') 

Orfui, 

Gam'bia,  7. 

Lancero'ta. 

(or-fwee'.) 

Senegal, 

Fortaventu'ra. 

Bas'sas. 

(sen-e-gauF.) 

Grand  Canary. 

Delgado, 

Medeira  Is. 

(del-gah'do.) 

ISLANDS, 

(ma-dee'ra.) 

Am'bro. 

Socotra. 

Porto  Santo. 

St.  Mary. 

Seychelle  Is. 

Az'ores. 

Corrien'tes. 

(sa-shell'.) 

St.  Mary's. 

Agulhas, 

Almirante  Is. 

St.  Michael's. 

(ah-gool'yas.) 

(al-me-ran'ta.) 
Juan  de  Nova. 

Terceira, 
(tep-sa'e-rah.) 

C.  of  Good  Hope. 
Cross. 

Assumption. 

Graciosa, 

Frio, 

Com'oro  Is. 

(grah-se-o'sah.) 

(fre'o.) 

Madagascar,  Tanana-  Fayal, 

Pal'mas. 

rivoo'. 

(fiar.) 

Verde. 

Mauritius, 

Pico, 

Blanco. 

(mau-rish'e-us.) 

(pee'ko.) 

Bojador7. 

Bourbon, 

Flo'res. 

(boor'bon.) 

CorVo. 

TOWNS, 

St.  Helena. 

Alexandria. 

Ascen'sion. 

MOUNTAINS, 

Roset'ta. 

St.  Paul's. 

Mountains  of  Kong. 

Damiet'ta. 

An'nobon. 

At'las  Mts.  1400m.  1. 

Sioot,  (or  Siout. 

St.  Thomas. 

Mt.Miltsin,  11,900  f.h. 

se-oot'.) 

Prince's. 

(melt-seer/.) 

Se'go. 

Fennan'do  Po. 

Mts.  of  the  Moon. 

Timbuc'too. 

Cape  Verde  Is. 

Cameroons'  Mts.,  13,- 

Sackatoo'. 

St.  Vin'cerit. 

000  f.  h. 

Kano, 

St.  Antonio. 

Crystal  Mts. 

(kah'no.) 

St.  Nich'olas. 

Snow  Mts.,  10,000  f.h. 

Zaria  — 

Sal. 

Lupata  Mts. 

(zah-ree'yah.) 

Bonavis'ta. 

(loo-pah'tah.) 

107 


ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 


ON  THE 


MAP   OF    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


LARGE  BODIES  OF  WATER. 

GULF  OF  VENEZUELA. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Vene 
xuela  and  north-eastern  part  of  New  Granada — a  part  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea. 

L.  MARACAYBO. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Venezuela — 110 
miles  long,  and  80  wide.  It  is  connected  with  the  Gulf  of  Vene- 
zuela by  a  strait  five  miles  wide,  on  the  west  side  of  which  is  the 
town  of  Maracaybo — having  a  population  of  20,000.  Near  the 
north-east  border  of  the  lake,  is  a  remarkable  mine  of  Asphaltum, 
the  bituminous  vapours  of  which  are  so  easily  ignited  that  during 
the  night  phosphoric  fires  are  continually  seen;  which,  in  their 
appearance,  resemble  lightning.  They  go  by  the  name  of  the  "  Lan- 
tern Maracaybo,"  because  they  serve  for  a  lighthouse  and  compass 
to  the  Spaniards  and  Indians,  who  navigate  the  lake  without  the 
assistance  of  either. 

IPAVA  L. — In  the  southern  interior  of  Venezuela — the  source  of 
Orinoco  river. 

PINZON  B. — In  the  east  of  the  northern  part  of  Brazil — a  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

ATLANTIC  OCEAN. — This  is  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  that 
watery  expanse,  which  covers  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  surface 
of  the  globe.  It  lies  between  the  Old  and  New  Worlds — washing 
the  eastern  shores  of  North  and  South  America,  and  the  western 
shores  of  Europe  and  Africa.  It  is  9000  miles  long,  and  from  1000 
to  4000  wide. 

B.  OF  ALL  SAINTS. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil — a  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  town  of  St.  Salvador  is  situated  on  it — and  has 
a  populuton  of  120,000. 

MARAMBAYA  B. — In  the  south  of  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

PARANAGUA  B. — In  the  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Brazil — a  part 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

L.  DE  Los  PATOS. — In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Brazil — 150 
miles  long. 

L.  MIRIM. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Uraguay. 

L.  IB  ERA. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — south  of  Parana 
river. 

XARAYES  L. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Bolivia.  Paraguay  river  flows 
though  it. 


103 

L.  UBAHY. — In  the  interior  part  of  Bolivia.  Blanco  river  flows 
through  it. 

L.  DEL  VALLE. — In  the  western  interior  of  Buenos  Ay  res. 

PORONGOS  L. — In  the  interior  part  of  Buenos  Ay  res — the  Dulce 
river  flows  into  it. 

BLANCO  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Buenos  Ayrcs — a  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

ST.  MATHIAS  AND  DESENGANO  Bs. — In  the  east  of  the  northern  part 
of  Patagonia — parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  B. — In  the  eastern  part  of  Patagonia — a  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

L.  COLUGUAPE. — In  the  interior  part  of  Patagonia — the  source  of 
Port  Desire  river. 

STRAIT  OF  MAGELLAN. — Separates  Terra  Del  Fuego  from  the  south- 
ern part  of  Patagonia,  and  connects  the  waters  of  the  southern  Atlan- 
tic and  Pacific  Oceans.  It  is  300  miles  in  length,  and  from  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  40  miles  wide. 

STR.  OF  LE  MAIRE. — Separates  Staten  land  from  Terra  del  Fuego. 
It  is  a  part  of  the  Southern  Ocean. 

G.  OF  PENAS. — In  the  western  part  of  Patagonia — a  part  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

CHONOS  ARCHIPELAGO. — Near  the  western  coast  of  Patagonia — 
north  of  the  Gulf  of  Penas. 

G.  OF  GUAITECA. — Between  the  west  of  the  northern  part  of  Pata- 
gonia and  Chiloe  island — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

TALCAHUANA  B. — In  the  western  part  of  Chili — a  part  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  town  of  Conception  is  situated  near  it — has  a 
population  of  10,000. 

VALPARAISO  B. — In  the  western  part  of  Chili — north  of  Talcahuana 
Bay — a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  town  of  Valparaiso  is  situated 
on  it — has  a  population  of  30,000. 

L.  TITICACA. — In  the  southern  part  'of  Peru — and  north-western 
part  of  Bolivia — 180  miles  long,  and  500  feet  deep — its  surface  com- 
prises 4000  square  miles,  and  is  12,795  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean. 

L.  REYES. — In  the  western  part  of  Peru — the  source  of  the  Amazon 
river. 

G.  OF  GUAYAQUIL.— In  the  western  part  of  Equador — a  part  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  town  of  Guayaquil  is  situated  on  it — has  a  po- 
pulation of  20,000. 

SARDINAS  B. — In  the  south-western  part  of  New  Granada — a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

B.  OF  CHOCO. — In  the  western  part  of  New  Granada — a  part  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

B.  OF  PANAMA. — In  the  north-western  part  of  New  Granada — on 
the  south  side  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien — is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  town  of  Panama  is  situated  on  it — has  a  population  of 
10,000 

G.  OF  DARIEN. — In  the  north-western  part  of  New  Granada — a  part 
of  the-Caribbean  Sea. 


109 


RIVERS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

MAGDALENA  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes  mountains,  in  the  south- 
western part  of  New  Granada — flows  first  northerly,  with  a  slight 
inclination  to  the  east — then  a  north-westerly  course,  into  the  Carib- 
1  can  Sea,  by  several  mouths.  It  is  900  miles  long.  The  towns  of 
M.  and  H.  are  situated  on  it,  and  C.  on  an  island  at  its  mouth.  In 
the  Bogota  river,  (a  tributary  of  the  Magdalena,)  15  miles  west  of 
the  city  of  Bogota,  are  the  falls  of  Tequendama ;  a  short  distance 
above  the  falls  the  river  is  140  feet  in  width,  but  being  forced  into 
a  narrow  though  cfeepbed,  of  only  40  feet  wide,  it  is  precipitated, 
at  two  bounds,  down  a  perpendicular  rock,  to  the  depth  of  650  feet. 
"  This  cataract,"  says  Humboldt,  "  forms  an  assemblage  of  every 
thing  that  is  sublimely  picturesque  in  beautiful  scenery.  The 
body  of  water,  when  it  first  parts  from  its  bed,  forms  a  broad  arch 
of  glassy  appearance ;  a  little  lower  down  it  assumes  a  fleecy  form, 
and  ultimately,  in  its  progress  downwards,  it  shoots  forth  into  mil- 
lions of  small  tubular  masses,  which  chase  each  other  like  sky 
rockets.  The  noise  which  attends  the  fall  is  quite  astounding,  and 
dense  clouds  of  vapour  are  sent  up,  which  mingle  with  the  atmo- 
sphere, forming,  in  their  ascent,  the  most  beautiful  rainbows." 

CAUCA  R. — Kises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  south-western  part  of 
New  Granada — flows  a  northerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Magdalena 
river,  and  is  600  miles  long. 

ORINOCO  R. — Rises  in  Ipava  lake,  in  the  southern  interior  of  Vene- 
zuela— flows  first  an  easterly,  then  winds  round  to  the  south,  and 
takes  a  westerly  direction,  then  a  northerly  course,  forming  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Venezuela  and  New  Granada,  then  flows 
north-easterly,  and  lastly,  changes  to  an  easterly  direction,  flowing 
through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Venezuela,  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
by  a  multitude  of  mouths.  It  is  1500  miles  long. 

ARAUCA  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  New  Granada — flows 
an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Orinoco  river,  and  is  500  miles  long. 

META  AND  GUAVIARE  Rs. — Rises  among  the  Andes — in  the  south- 
ern interior  of  New  Granada — flows  a  little  north  of  an  easterly 
course — are  branches  of  Orinoco  river,  and  are  each  600  miles  long. 

CASIQUIARE  R. — Connects  the  Negro,  a  branch  of  the  Amazon, 
with  Orinoco  liver. 

CARONI  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Venezuela — flows 
a  general  northerly  course — is  a  branch  of  Orinoco  river — and  is  300 
miles  long. 

ESSEQUIBO  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  British  Guiana — 
flow  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  winding  northerly  course  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  450  miles  long. 

SURINAM  R. — Rises  in  Acaray  mountains,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Dutch  Guiana — flows  a  general  northerly  course  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  is  300  miles  long. 

MARONI  R. — Rises  in  Acaray  mountains — flows  a  northerly  course, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Dutch  and  French  Guiana,  and  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  350  miles  long. 

OYPOCK  R — Forms  most  of  the  boundary  between  French  Guiana 
and  Brazil — flows  a  northerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

10 


no 

AMAZON  R. — Rises  in  Lake  Reyes,  in  the  western  part  of  Peru — 
in  about  12°  of  south  latitude,  or  831  miles  south  of  the  equator — 
flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  a  north-easterly,  then  a  north-west- 
erly, then  a  northerly,  and  lastly,  a  general  easterly  course,  passing 
through  the  interior  and  northern  parts  of  Peru — the  south-eastern 
part  of  Ecuador,  and  the  northern  part  of  Brazil,  and  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  under  the  equator.  It  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
world,  though  not  the  longest,  being  4000  miles  long,  and  180  wide 
at  its  mouth.  Its  current  is  so  rapid  that  it.  carries  its  own  waters 
unmixed  into  the  ocean,  to  the  distance  of  240  miles.  It  drains, 
with  its  tributaries,  an  area  of  2,400,000  square  miles.  Those  that 
flow  into  it  from  the  north,  are  the  Trombetas,  Aniba,  Negro,  Ca- 
queto,  and  Putumayo — those  from  the  south  are  the  Tunguragua, 
Huallaga,  Javary,  Jutay,  Jurua,  Purus,  Madeira,  Topayos,  and  the 
Xingu.  Two  days  before  and  after  the  full  moon — at  its  mouth,  the 
phenomenon,  called  "  The  Bore,"  occurs — when  the  water  from  the 
ocean  rushes  into  the  river  with  a  prodigious  force  and  noise — in  two, 
three,  and  sometimes  four  successive  waves,  each  presenting  a  per- 
pendicular front  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high — no  small  vessel  can 
encounter  this,  without  certain  destruction.  The  meaning  of  its  Indian 
name,  (Am-as'so-na,)  is  boat  destroyer. 

TROMBETAS  AND  ANABA  Rs. — Rise  in  the  Acaray  mountains,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Brazil — flows  a  southerly  course — are  branches 
of  the  Amazon  river. 

BRANCO  R. — Rises  in  the  Acaray  mountains,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Brazil — flows  a  southerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Negro 
river. 

NEGRO  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  New  Granada — flows 
first  an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  then  an  easterly,  and  lastly,  a 
south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Amazon  river,  and  is  1200 
miles  long. 

UAUPES  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes  mountains — in  the  southern 
part  of  New  Granada — flows  first  an  easterly,  then  a  southerly,  and 
lastly,  an  easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Negro  river — and  is 
600  miles  long. 

CAQUETA  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  south-western  part 
of  New  Granada — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly,  and 
lastly,  a  south-easterly  course — forming  part  of  the  boundary  between 
New  Granada  and  P^cuador — Ecuador  and  Brazil — is  a  branch  of 
the  Amazon  river,  and  is  1100  miles  long. 

APAPURA  R. — Has  its  source  near  that  of  the  Caqueta — flows  a 
general  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Caqueta,  and  is  500 
miles  long. 

PUTUMAYO  R. — Rises  among  trie  Andes,  in  the  north  of  the  west- 
ern part  of  Ecuador — flows  first  a  south-easterly,  then  an  easterly 
course — is  a  branch  of  the  Amazon  river,  and  is  800  miles  long. 

TUNGURAGUA  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  western  part 
of  Peru — flows  first  a  north-westerly,  then  a  winding  easterly 
course — and  forms  a  junction  with  Huallaga  river.  It  is  500  miles 
long. 

HUALLAGA  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  western  part  of 
Peru — flows  a  general  northerly  course,  and  unites  with  Tunguragua 
river.  It  is  500  miles  long. 


Ill 

JAVARY  R. — Rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Peru — flows  first 
a  northerly,  then  a  north-easterly  course — forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Brazil  and  Ecuador — is  a  branch  of  the  Amazon 
river. 

JUTAY  AND  JURUA  Rs. — Rise  among  the  Geral  mountains,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Peru — flow  a  north-easterly  course  through  the  west- 
ern part  of  Brazil — are  branches  of  the  Amazon  river.  The  first  is 
700,  and  the  other  800  miles  long. 

PURUS  R. — Rises  among  the  Geral  mountains,  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Peru — flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  north-easterly  course — 
through  the  western  part  of  Brazil — is  a  branch  of  the  Amazon,  and 
is  900  miles  long. 

MADEIRA  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mamore  and  Blanco 
rivers,  in  the  northern  part  of  Bolivia — flows  first  a  northerl}-,  then 
a  north-easterly  course  through  the  western  part  of  Brazil — is  the 
largest  branch  of  the  Amazon  river,  and  is  2200  miles  long. 

TOPAYOS  R. — Rises  near  the  south-western  boundary  of  Brazil — 
flows  a  northerly  course,  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  east — is  a 
branch  of  the  Amazon,  and  is  1100  miles  long. 

XINGUA  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Brazil — flows  a  wind- 
ing northerly  course — is  a  branch  of  the  Amazon  river,  and  is  1300 
miles  long. 

ARAGUAY  R. — Eises  among  the  Brazilian  mountains  in  the  south- 
ern interior  of  Brazil — flows  a  northerly  course,  and  unites  with 
the  Tocantins,  which  also  flows  a  northerly  course  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — taking  the  name  of  Para  in  the  last  100  miles  of  its  course. 
The  A.  and  T.  are  each  1100  miles  long — the  Para  included,  T200. 

GURAPY  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Brazil — flows  a  north- 
easterly course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  500  miles  long. 

PARANAIBA  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  interior  of  Brazil — flows  first 
a  north-easterly,  then  a  northerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
is  800  miles  long. 

ST.  FRANCISCO  R. — Rises  among  the  Brazilian  mountains — in  the 
south-eastern  part  of  Brazil — flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  north- 
easterly, and  lastly,  an  easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
is  1300  miles  long. 

PARAIBA  R. — Rises  among  the  Brazilian  mountains,  in  the  south 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil — flows,  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
north,  an  easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  450  miles  long. 

URUGUAY  R. — Rises  among  the  Brazilian  mountains,  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Brazil — flows  first  a  winding  south-westerly,  then  a  south- 
erly course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Buenos 
Ayres — Buenos  Ay  res  and  Uruguay — unites  with  the  Parana,  and 
forms  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  It  is  800  miles  long. 

NEGRO  R. — Rises  among  the  Brazilian  mountains,  in  the  most 
southern  part  of  Brazil — flows  a  south-westerly  course  through 
Uruguay,  and  unites  with  the  Uruguay  river.  It  is  400  miles  lon'g. 

PARANA  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tiete,  Grande,  and 
Parnahyba  rivers,  in  the  southern  interior  of  Brazil — flows  first  a 
southerly,  then  a  south-westerly,  then  a  southerly,  and  then  a  west- 
erly course — forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Para- 
guay— Paraguay  and  Buenos  Ayres — unites  with  the  Paraguay,  then 
taking  a  southerly  course,  nceives  the  Salado,  after  which  it  changes 


113 

to  a  south-easterly  direction,  and  unites  with  the  Uruguay,  and  forma 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata.     It  is  1900  miles  long. 

Rio  DE  LA  PLATA  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Uruguay 
and  Parana  rivers,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  is 
rather  an  estuary  than  a  river.  Measured  from  the  source  of  the 
Parana,  it  is  about  2100  miles  long,  and  150  wide  at  its  mouth. 

PARAGUAY  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Brazil — flows  a 
southerly  course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and 
Bolivia,  the  boundary  between  Bolivia  and  Paraguay,  and  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Paraguay  and  Buenos  Ayres,  and  forms  a  junction 
with  the  Parana  river.  It  is  1200  miles  long. 

PILCOMAYO  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Bolivia — flows 
first  an  easterly,  then  a  south-easterly  course,  passing  through  the 
southern  part  of  Bolivia,  and  north-eastern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — is 
a  branch  of  the  Paraguay  river,  and  is  1100  miles  long. 

VARMEJO  R. — Forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Bolivia  and 
Buenos  Ayres — after  which  it  flows  a  south-easterly  course  through 
the  north-eastern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — is  a  branch  of  the  Paraguay 
river,  and  is  1000  miles  long. 

SALADO  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — 
flows  a  south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Parana  river,  and  is 
800  miles  long. 

DULCE  R. — Rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — 
flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  Porongos  lake,  and  is  500  miles 
long. 

TERCERO  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — flows  a 
south-easterly  course — is  a  branch  of  Parana  river,  and  is  300  miles 
long. 

SALADILLO  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  interior  of  Buenos  Ayres — 
flows  an  easterly  course  into  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  is  400  miles 
long. 

COLORADO  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  western  part  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  is  1000  miles  long. 

Rio  NEGRO. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Buenos  Ayres — 
flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  700 
miles  long. 

CAMARONES  R. — Rises  among  the  Andes,  in  the  north-western  part 
of  Patagonia — flows  a  south-easterly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 
is  300  miles  long. 

PORT  DESIRE  R. — Flows  from  Lake  Coluguape,  an  easterly  course 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  300  miles  long. 
w 

ISLANDS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

JOANNES  I. — Near  the  northern  coast  of  Brazil,  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Amazon  river.  It  is  150  miles  long. 

"ST.  ANNE  I. — In  the  Araguay  river,  in  the  interior  part  of  Brazil. 

FERNANDO  DE  NORONHA  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north-east  of 
C.  St.  Roque. 

ITAMARACA  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  eastern  coast  of 
Brazil,  and  in  about  9°  of  south  latitude. 


113 

ABROLHOS  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  eastern  coast  of 
Brazil — in  ahout  183  of  south  latitude. 

ST.  SEBASTIAN,  CANANEA,  ST.  CATHARINA,  AND  TARAMANDI  Is.— 
In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  eastern  coast  of  the  southern  part  of 
Brazil. 

SANDWICH  LAND. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south-east  of  Patagonia. 

SOUTH  GEORGIAN  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north-west  of  Sand- 
wich Land. 

SOUTH  ORKNEY  AND  SOUTH  SHETLAND  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
south-west  of  the  south  Georgian  islands. 

AURORA  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north-west  of  South  Georgian 
islands. 

FALKLAND  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  east  of  tfie  southern  part  of 
Patagonia. 

STATEN  LAND. — In  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  east  of  Terra  del 
Fuego,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Le  Marie. 

TERRA  DEL  FUEGO  I. — In  the  Southern  Ocean,  south  of  Patagonia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  It  is  270  miles 
long,  and  180  wide. 

HERMIT  AND  CAMDEN  Is. — In  the  Southern  Ocean,  near  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Terre  del  Fuego. 

WELLINGTON  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  western  coast  of 
Patagonia.  It  is  150  miles  long. 

CHILOE  I. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  southern  coast  of  Chili, 
and  the  western  coast. of  the  northern  part  of  Patagonia. 

JUAN  FERNANDEZ  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  west  of  Chili.  Mas 
a  Fuero  and  Mas  a  Tierra,  or  Selkirkis,  are  the  principal  islands  of 
the  group. 

ST.  FELIX  AND  ST.  AMRROSE  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  west  of 
the  northern  part  of  Chili,  and  south-west  of  Bolivia. 

PUNA  I. — In  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  west  of  Equador. 

MOUNTAINS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

GERAL  MTS. — Extend  through  the  eastern  and  south-eastern  parts 
of  Peru,  and  along  the  south-western  boundary  of  Brazil. 

ACARAY  MTS. — Form  the  boundary  between  the  northern  part  of 
Brazil  and  Guiana,  and  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Ve- 
nezuela— their  general  direction  east  and  west. 

BRAZILIAN  MTS. — Extend  in  various  directions  through  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Brazil,  the  principal  range  running  parallel  with  the 
coast  for  2100  miles. 

VULCAN  MTS. — In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Buer\os  Ayres — extend- 
ing east  and  west. 

ANDES  MTS. — Extend  from  north  to  south,  through  the  whole 
length  of  South  America — the  principal  ridge  following  in  general 
the  winding  of  the  Pacific  coast,  from  which  it  is  distant  from  50 
to  150  miles. 

MT.  ILLIMANI. — A  peak  of  the  Andes — in  the  western  part  of  Bo- 
livia, 24,350  feet  high. 

MT.  SORATA. — A  peak  of  the  Andes,  in  the  north-western  part  of 
Bolivia — the  highest  mountain  in  the  New  World,  being  25,400  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

10* 


114 

MT.  COTOPAXI. — A  celebrated   volcanic  mountain  in  the  western 

?art  of  Ecuador — 34  miles  south-east  of  the  city  of  Quito.  It  is 
9,000  feet  high— its  shape  is  that  of  a  perfect  cone — at  an  elevation 
of  14,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  commences  the  region  of 
perpetual  snow.  Cotopaxi  is  one  of  the  most  dreadful  of  volcanoes — 
its  explosions  are  frequent  and  disastrous.  In  1738,  the  flames  rose 
3000  feet  above  the  brink  of  the  crater.  In  1744,  the  roarings  of  the 
volcano  were  heard  as  far  as  Honda,  on  the  Magdalena  river,  at  a 
distance  of  600  miles.  On  the  4th  of  April,  1768,  the  quantity  of 
ashes  ejected  was  so  great  that  during  a  large  portion  of  the  day  the 
sun-light  was  entirely  shut  out,  and  the  thick  darkness  of  a  starless 
midnight  brooded  over  many  miles  of  the  surrounding  country,  so 
that  at  the  town  of  Lutacunga  which  is  more  that  20  miles  distant 
from  the  crater,  day  broke  only  at  three  in  the  afternoon.  An 
eruption  which  occurred  in  the  month  of  January,  1803,  was  pre- 
ceded by  the  melting  of  the  snows  that  covered  the  mountain,  at  the 
port  of  Guayaquil,  156  miles  in  a  straight  line  from  the  crater,  "  we 
heard,"  says  Humboldt,  "  day  and  night,  the  noises  of  the  volcano, 
like  continued  discharges  of  a  battery  ;  we  distinguished  these  tre- 
mendous sounds  even  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south-west  of  the  island 
of  Puna." 

CHIMBORAZO. — A  peak  of  the  Andes  in  the  western  part  of  Ecua- 
dor, 21,730  feet  high,  till  recently  regarded  as  the  highest  mountain 
in  South  America. 

MT.  PICHINCHA. — An  extinct  volcano,  in  the  western  part  of  Ecua- 
dor, near  the  equator,  16,000  feet  high. 


CAPES  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

C.  GALLINAS. — A  north-eastern  point  of  New  Granada,  extending 
into  the  Caribbean  Sea — the  most  northern  cape  of  South  America. 

C.  ORANGE. — A  northern  point  of  Brazil — extending  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oyapock  river. 

C.  NORTH. — An  eastern  point  of  the  most  northern  part  of  Brazil, 
extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  ST.  ROQUE. — An  eastern  point  of  Brazil  extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — the  most  eastern  cape  of  South  America. 

C.  FRIO. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Brazil,  extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Cs.  ST.  ANTONIO  AND  CORRIENTES. — South-eastern  points  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  BLANCO. — An  eastern  point  of  Patagonia,  extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean — also  a  north-western  point  of  Peru,  extending  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

C.  HORN. — A  southern  point  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  (or  rather  of 
Hermit  island,)  extending  into  the  Southern  Ocean — the  most  south- 
ern cape  of  South  America. 

C.  PILLAR. — A  north-western  point  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  extending 
into  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 

C. -FRANCISCO. — A  north-western  point  of  Ecuador,  extending  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

PT.  MARIATO. — A  southern  point  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  ex- 


115 

tending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  isthmus,  called  also  the 
Isthmus  of  Darien,  is,  in  its  narrowest  part,  not  more  than  30  miles 
across.  The  dry  season  here  lasts  from  December  till  April,  and 
the  wet,  the  rest  of  the  year.  The  quantity  of  rain  that  falls  is  pro- 
digious ;  but  a  very  remarkable  phenomenon  occurs  throughout  the 
isthmus, .in  the  height  of  the  rainy  season,  of  which  no  satisfactory 
explanation  has  ever  been  offered.  On  the  20th  of  June  the  rain 
ceases,  and  during  five  or  six  days  the  sun  shines  out  constantly, 
with  the  utmost  splendour;  after  which  the  rain  sets  in  as  before, — 
nor  is  any  instance  known  of  irregularity  in  the  recurrence  of  this 
singular  break  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  season. 


CITIES. 

QUITO. — The  capital  of  Ecuador,  in  the  north-western  part,  near 
the  equator — has  a  population  of  70,000.  It  is  situated  in  a  ravine, 
on  the  eastern  declivity  of  Mount  Pichincha,  at  an  elevation  of  9500 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  This  city  enjoys,  as  it  were,  a 
perpetual  spring — vegetation  never  ceasing  at  any  period  of  the  year, 
though  it  is  within  sight  of  eleven  summits  of  the  Andes,  which  ;ire 
covered  with  perpetual  snow.  Earthquakes  are  frequent,  and  from 
December  to  March,  violent  storms  of  rain  and  lightning  almost 
daily  occur  in  the  afternoon. 

CARRACAS. — The  capital  of  Venezuela,  is  situated  in  the  northern 
part,  20  miles  from  the  Caribbean  Sea.  This  city  was  partially  de- 
stroyed in  1812  by  an  earthquake,  in  which  12,000  persons  are  said 
to  have  perished.  The  population  previous  to  that  time  was  40,000, 
it  is  now  but  23,000. 

POTOSI. — Is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  Bolivia,  on  the  west- 
ern declivity  of  the  mountain  of  Cerro  de  Potosi,  at  an  elevation  of 
of  13,265  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  silver  mines  of 
Potosi  so  celebrated  throughout  the  world,  were  accidentally  dis- 
covered in  1545,  by  an  Indian  named  Hualpa,  as  he  was  pursuing 
some  wrild  goats  up  the  mountain.  Arriving  at  a  steep  place,  lie 
laid  hold  of  a  bush,  to  assist  him  in  his  course,  which  he  tore  from 
the  soil,  and  exposed  a  mass  of  solid  silver  at  the  roots.  The  popu- 
lation of  Potosi,  when  these  mines  were  in  their  most  flourishing 
state,  was  160,000— it  is  now  less  than  10,000. 


SOUTH  AMERICA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Caribbean  Sea 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean — on  the  east  and  south-east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — on  the  south  by  the  Strait  of  Magellan — on  the  west  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 


116 


QUESTIONS 


ON  THE 


MAP   OF    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Where  is  the 
G.  of  Venezuela. 
Str.  of  Magellan. 
Magdalena  R. 
Dulce  R. 
Essequibo  R. 
G.  of  Guayaquil. 
Itamaraca  I. 

B.  of  All  Saints. 
Ipava  L. 

Geral  Mts. 
Ponrongos  L. 

C.  Pillar. 
Surinam  R. 
Des.  of  Atacama. 
Blanco  B. 
Vulcan  Mts. 
Orinoco  R. 

C.  Horn. 
L.  Titicaea. 
G.  of  Darien. 
Oyapock  R. 
Marambaya  B. 
Joannes  I. 
Mt.  Illimani. 


C.  Frio. 

C.  Reyes. 

C.  Gallinas. 

Amazon  R. 

Wellington's  I. 

Selkirk's  I. 

L.  Ibera. 

St.  Mathias's  B. 

Puna  I. 

B.  of  Choco. 

G.  of  Penas. 

G.  Guaiteca. 

Mt.  Chimborazo. 

Pinzon  B. 

C.  St.  Roque. 
Madeira  R. 

Chonos  Archipelago. 
Pilcomayo  R. 

Acaray  Mt. 

Chiloe  I. 

Paranagua  R. 

Caraccas  (or  Caracas.) 

Abrolhos  Is. 

Quito. 

L.  Maracaybo. 

Mt.  Pichincha. 

Sardinas  B. 

L.  De  los  Patos. 

Terra  del  Fuego  I. 

St.  Catharina  I. 

Topayos  R. 

Mt.Cotopaxi. 

Maroni  R. 

Camden  I. 

W^hich     is      the     most 

Mt.  Sorata. 

Northern,      Eastern, 

L.  Coluguape. 

Southern,  and  West- 

C. Orange. 

ern    Cape  of  South- 

Falkland  I. 

America  ? 

St.  Felix  I. 

Parana  R. 

St.  Sebastian  I. 

L.  Ubahy. 

I.  of  St.  Anne. 

Desengano  B. 

ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 

ON  THE 

MAP   OF   AFRICA. 


LARGE  BODIES  OF  WATER. 

GULF  OF  SIDRA. — In  the  western  part  of  Barca — a  part  of  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea. 

G.  OF  SUEZ. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  Egypt  and  north-western 
part  of  Arabia— a  part  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  town  of  Suez  is  situated 


117 

at  its  northern  extremity.  This  Gulf,  which  at  low  water  is  in  many 
parts  so  shallow  as  to  be  fordable,  is  memorable  in  sacred  history, 
on  account  of  the  miraculous  escape  of  the  children  of  Israel,  and 
the  destruction  of  Pharaoh  and  his  host. 

G.  OF  ADEN. — Borders  on  the  northern  part  of  Berbera,  and  south- 
ern part  of  Arabia — is  a  part  of  the  Arabia  a  Sea. 

MOZAMBIQUE  CHANNEL. — Between  the  eastern  part  of  Mozambique, 
and  western  part  of  Madagascar  island.  It  is  a  part  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  and  is  240  miles  wide. 

BOMBETOK  B. — In  the  north-western  part  of  Madagascar  island — 
is  a  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

VOHEMAIRE  AND  ANTON  GILS  Bs. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of 
Madagascar  island — are  parts  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

DELAGOA  B. — Between  the  southern  part  of  Mozambique,  and  the 
eastern  part  of  Boshuana's  Country — is  a  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

AGULHAS  B. — In  the  southern  part  of  Cape  Colony — is  a  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

ST.  HELENA  B. — In  the  western  part  of  Cape  Colony — is  a  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

SANTA  CRUZ  B. — In  the  western  part  of  Hottentot's  Country — is  a 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

WALWISCH  B. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Hottentot's 
Country,  and  the  south-western  part  of  Cimbebas — is  a  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

GREAT  FISH  B. — Between  the  north-western  part  of  Cimbebas,  and 
south-western  part  of  Lower  Guinea — is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — Bembaroughe  river  flows  into  it. 

G.  OF  GUINEA. — That  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  bordering  on 
the  south-eastern  part  of  Upper  and  north-western  part  of  Lower 
Guinea. 

L.  LODEAH. — In  the  interior  part  of  Tunis. 

L.  DIBBIE. — In  the  Niger  river — in  the  north-western  part  of 
Soudan. 

L.  TCHAD. — In  the  north  of  the  eastern  part  of  Soudan — 200  miles 
long.  The  Yeou  and  Shary  rivers  flow  into  it. 

L.  FITTRE. — In  the  north-eastern  part  of  Soudan.  The  Misselad 
river  flows  into  it. 

L.  DEMBEA. — In  the  interior  part  of  Abyssinia — is  65  miles  long. 
The  Azrek  river,  a  principal  branch  of  the  Nile,  flows  through 
this  lake — but  is  said  to  preserve  its  waters  with  but  little  inter- 
mixture with  those  of  the  lake,  across  which  its  current  is  always 
visible. 

L.  MARAVEE. — A  salt  lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  unexplored 
regions,  near  the  south-western  coast  of  Zanguebar. 

RIVERS  OF  AFRICA. 

NILE  R. — Is  formed  by  the  junction  of  El  Abiad  and  Azrek 
rivers,  in  the  south-western  part  of  Nubia — after  receiving  the 
Tacazze  it  flows  first  a  very  winding,  and  then  a  direct  northerly 
course,  passing  through  Nubia  and  Egypt  into  the  Mediterranean 
Sea.  It  is  2800  miles  long.  From  the  junction  of  the  Tacazze 


118 

to  its  termination — a  distance  of  1350  miles — the  Nile  does  not 
receive  a  single  affluent  on  either  side,  an  instance  unparalleled  in 
the  geography  of  the  globe.  It  is  noted  for  overflowing  its  banks 
every  year,  and  fertilizing  the  country,  called  the  valley  of  the  Nile. 
The  rise  of  the  Nile  commences  in  June,  and  continues  to  increase 
till  September.  These  annual  inundations,  are  now  ascertained  to 
be  caused  by  periodical  rains,  which  fall  about  the  sources  of  the 
Nile,  within  the  tropics.  Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  situated  on 
its  right  bank,  100  miles  from  its  mouth — has  a  population  of 
300,000.  The  towns  of  S.  and  New  D.  are  situated  on  its  left 
bank — and  S.  on  the  Azrek,  one  of  its  head  branches.  The  Pyra- 
mids of  Egypt  are  situated  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  seven 
or  eight  miles  from  Cairo.  The  largest  of  them  is  763  feet  square 
at  the  base — and  590  feet  high — and  covers  an  area  of  more  than  13 
acres.  According  to  the  writings  of  Herodotus,  who  obtained  his 
information  from  the  priests  of  Egypt — 100,000  men  \vere  em- 
ployed 20  years  in  its  construction.  The  Sphinx,  a  huge  monster 
hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock,  having  the  face  of  a  virgin,  and  the  body 
of  a  beast — is  situated  near  the  Pyramids,  and  is  125  feet  long. 

WEBBE  AND  OZEE  Rs. — Rise  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Ethio- 
pia— flow  a  south-easterly  course  through  Zanguebar  into  the  Indian 
Ocean. 

MANNISSA  R.-  -Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  unexplored  re- 
gions— flows  a  southerly  course,  between  Mozambique  and  Boshu- 
ana's  Country  into  Delagoa  Bay. 

ZAMBEZE  R. — Is  formed  by  two  branches,  which  unite  near  the 
western  boundary  of  Monomotapa — flows  first  a  north-easterly,  then 
a  south-easterly  course  through  Mozambique  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

ST.  LUCIA  R. — Is  a  small  river,  forming  the  boundary  between  Bo- 
shuana's  Country  and  Caflfraria,  flows  south-east  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

GREAT  KEI  R. — Forms  the  boundary  between  Caffraria  and  Cape 
Colony — flows  south-east  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

ORANGE  R. — Rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Boshuana's  Country — 
flows  a  winding  westerly  course  through  Hottentot's  Country  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  1000  miles  long. 

BEMBAROUGHE. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Cimbebas — flows  a 
north-westerly  course  into  the  Great  Fish  Bay. 

COANZA  R. — Rises  in  the  western  part  of  unexplored  regions — 
flows  a  general  westerly  course  through  Lower  Guinea  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

AMBRIZ  R. — Rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Lower  Guinea — flows  a 
westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  600  miles  long. 

CONGO  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  unexplored  regions — flows 
first  a  westerly,  then  a  north-westerly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly 
course  through  Lower  Guinea  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.* 

MISSELAD  R. — Rises  in  Fertit — flows  a  general  north-westerly 
course  into  Lake  Fittre. 

SHARY  R. — Rises  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Soudan — flows  a 
general  north-westerly  course  into  Lake  Tchad. 

YEOU  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Soudan — flows  a  little  north 
of  an  easterly  course  into  Lake  Tchad. 

*  The  courses  of  this  river  are  partly  conjecture 


119 

NIGER  R. — Rises  in  the  south-western  part  of  Soudan — flows  first 
a  north-westerly,  then  a  north-easterly,  then  a  northerly,  then  a 
south-easterly,  and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course — passing-  through 
the  western,  northern,  and  interior  parts  of  the  Soudan,  and  forming 
the  boundary  between  Upper  and  Lower  Guinea — falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea,  by  several  mouths.  It  is  2700  miles  long.  The 
towns  of  S.,  T.,  S.,  B.,  E.,  and  B.,  and  some  others  of  less  note, 
are  situated  on  it.  The  Tsadda  and  White  rivers  are  its  two  prin- 
cipal branches. 

ST.  PAUL'S  R. — Rises  among  the  mountains  of  Kong — flows  a 
south-westerly  course,  forming  the  boundary  between  Upper  Guinea 
and  Senegambia — and  passing  through  Liberia  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean — is  300  miles  long. 

Rio  GRANDE. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Senegambia — flows  a 
general  westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

GAMBIA  R. — Rises  in  the  interior  part  of  Senegambia — flows  with 
many  windings,  a  general  westerly  course  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  is  700  miles  long. 

SENEGAL  R. — Rises  among  the  mountains  of  Kong,  in  the  south- 
eastern interior  of  Senegambia — flows  first  a  northerly,  then  a  north- 
westerly, and  lastly,  a  south-westerly  course,  passing  through  the 
northern  part  of  Senegambia  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

ISLANDS  OF  AFRICA. 

SEYCHELLEjPRASLIN,    ALMIRANTE    Is.,    MAKE,    RoQUEPIZ,    ANUNCIA- 

TION,  UOETIVI,  GEORGE,  GALEGA,  AND  JUAN  DE  NOVA  Is. — Are  all 
comprised  within  the  Ethiopian  Archipelago,  lying  east  of  the  south- 
ern part  of  Zanguebar. 

ASSUMPTION,  NATAL,  AND  ALDABRA  Is. — In  the  Indian  Ocean — 
north  of  Madagascar. 

MONFIA  PEMBA,  AND  ZANZIBAR  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean — near  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  southern  part  of  Zanguebar. 

MADAGASCAR  I. — In  the  Indian  Ocean,  east  of  Mozambique,  960 
miles  long,  and  from  200  to  360  wide — are  aestimated  at  225,000 
square  miles. 

MAURITIUS  AND  BOURBON  Is. — In  the  Indian  Ocean,  east  of  Mada- 
gascar. Mauritius  belongs  to  Great  Britain  and  Bourbon  to  France. 

ST.  HELENA  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  1200  miles  west  of 
the  most  southern  part  of  Lower  Guinea,  and  a  southerly  direction 
from  France,  noted  as  being  the  place  where  Napoleon  Bounaparte 
was  banished  in  1815,  and  where  he  was  detained  as  a  prisoner  of 
war,  till  his  death,  in  1821. 

ASCENSION  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  midway  between  Lower 
Guinea  and  Brazil. 

ST.  PAUL'S  I. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  equator,  and  north- 
east of  Brazil. 

ANNOBON,  ST.  THOMAS,  PRINCES,  AND  FERNANDO  Po  Is. — In  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea,  near  the  western  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Lower 
Guinea. 

CAPE  VERDE  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  west  of  the  northern 
part  of  Senegambia.  They  belong  to  Portugal. 


CANARY  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south-west  of  Morocco.  Te 
nerifife,  one  of  these  islands,  is  noted  for  its  high  mountain,  called 
•*  The  Peak  of  Teneriffe,"  which  is  11,946  feet  high.  It  is  an  extinct 
volcano,  but  from  some  crevices  in  the  crater,  hot  watery  vapours 
still  issue;  these  crevices  are  called  by  the  natives,  "The  Nostrils  of 
the  Pe  tk."  The  Canary  islands  belong  to  Spain. 

MADEIRA  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  west  of  Morocco.  These 
islands  belong1  to  Portugal. 

AZORE  Is. — In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  west  of  the  southern  part  of 
Spain.  They  belong  to  Portugal. 

MOUNTAINS  OF  AFRICA. 

MTS.  OF  KONG. — Form  the  boundary  between  Upper  Guinea  and 
Soudan— extending  east  and  west,  after  which  they  take  a  northerly 
and  southerly  direction  through  the  eastern  part  of  Senegambia. 

ATLAS  MTS. — Extend  through  the  Barbary  States,  and  separate 
the  cultivated  country  from  the  Great  Desert — they  are  1400  miles 
long. 

MT.  MILTSON. — A  peak  of  the  Atlas  mountains,  in  the  interior 
pa<t  of  Morocco.  It  is  11,000  feet  high. 

MOUNTAINS  OF  THE  MOON. — Extend  through  the  northern  part  of 
Ethiopia — their  direction  is  east  and  west — the  western  part  of  the 
range  is  called  "  Cameroons  Mountains."  They  separate  the  north- 
western part  of  Ethiopia  from  the  southern  border  of  the  eastern  part 
of  Soudan,  and  are  13,000  feet  high. 

CRYSTAL  MTS. — Extend  along  the  eastern  and  southern  border  of 
Lower  Guinea,  from  the  Congo  river  to  Cimbebas. 

SNOW  MTS. — Extend  through  the  southern  and  south-eastern  parts 
of  Africa.  Greatest  height  10,000  feet. 

LUPATA  MTS. — Extend  along  the  western  border  of  the  northern 
part  of  Mozambique,  and  through  the  southern  part  of  Zanguebar — 
their  general  direction  is  north  and  south. 

RED  MTS. — In  the  southern — and  Radama  in  the  northern  part  of 
Madagascar — extending  through  the  whole  length  of  the  island, 
parallel  with  the  coast. 


CAPES  OF  AFRICA. 

C.  BONA. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Tunis — extending  into  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea. 

C.  GUARDAFUI. — A  north-eastern  point  of  Berbera — extending  into 
the  Indian  Ocean — the  most  eastern  cape  of  Africa. 

C.  ORFUI. — An  eastern  point  of  Berbera — extending  into  the  In- 
dian Ocean. 

C.  BASSAS. — A  southern  point  of  Ajan — extending  into  the  Indian 
Ocean. 

C.  DELGADO. — The  most  south-eastern  point  of  Zanguebar — ex- 
tending into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  AMBRO. — The  northern  point  of  Madagascar  island — extending 
into  the  Indian  Ocean. 


C.  ST.  MARY. — The  southern  point  of  Madagascar — extending 
into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  CORRIENTES. — The  most  south-eastern  point  of  Mozambique — 
extending  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  AGULHAS. — The  most  southern  point  of  Cape  Colony,  and  in 
fact  the  most  southern  cape  of  Africa — extending  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

C.  OF  GOOD  HOPE. — A  south-western  point  of  Cape  Colony — ex- 
tending into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — usually  considered  the  most  south- 
ern cape  of  Africa. 

Cs.  CROSS  AND  FRIO. — A  western  and  a  north-western  point  of 
Oimbebas — extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  PALMAS. — A  south-eastern  point  of  Liberia — extending  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

C.  VERD. — The  western  point  of  the  northern  part  of  Senegam- 
bia — extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean — the  most  western  cape  of 
Africa. 

Cs.  BLANCO  AND  BOJADOR. — Western  points  of  the  Great  Desert — 
extending  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

AFRICA  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Europe — on  the  north-east  by  the  Red  Sea,  separating 
it  from  Asia,  excepting  at  the  Isthmus  of  Suez — on  the  east  and 
south-east  by  the  Indian  Ocean — on  the  south  and  west  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 


QUESTIONS 


MAP   OF    AFRICA, 


Where  is  the 
Vohemaire  B. 
Fogo  I. 
L.  Maravee. 
Lanzarota  I. 
Walwisch  B. 
C.  St.  Mary. 
St.  Helena  B. 
G.  of  Sidra. 
Red  Mt. 
Mt.  Miltsin. 
St.  Helena  I. 
O  range  R. 
C.  Guardafui. 
C.  of  Good  Hope. 
C.  Ambro. 
Sail. 
Teneriffe  I. 


L.  Dernbea. 
Atlas  Mts. 
Senegal  R. 
Prince's  I. 
Antongil    (or 

giPe  B. 
Nile  R. 
L.  Tchad. 
Delagoa  B. 
St.  Michael  I. 
C.  Agulhas. 
L.  Dibbie. 
C.  Verd. 
Porto  Santo  I. 
C.  Orfui. 
C.  Bojador. 
Crystal  Mts. 
St.  Lucia  R. 
11 


Mozambique  Channel. 
Ascension  I. 
L.  Fittre. 
Mayo  I. 

Anton-  Flores  I. 
Maritius  I. 
Niger  R. 

Which  is  the  most 
Northern,  Eastern, 
Southern,  and  West- 
ern Cape  of  Africa  ? 


Bonavista 

Vista)  I. 
Congo  I. 
G.  of  Suez. 


(or     Boa 


The  following  were   inadvertently   omitted  in   their  proper 
place. 

PASSAIC  R. — Rises  in  the  northern  interior  of  New  Jersey — flows 
a  short  distance  easterly,  then  northerly,  again  easterly,  and  lastly,  a 
southerly  course  into  New  York  bay.  It  is  70  miles  long.  It  flows 
through  a  mountainous  country,  with  a  quiet  and  sluggish  course, 
excepting  at  two  falls.  At  the  Little  Falls  it  descends,  by  two 
leaps  and  a  rocky  rapid,  51  feet  in  the  distance  of  half  a  mile.  Five 
and  a  half  miles  below,  are  the  Great  Falls  at  Patterson — here  the 
river  pours  itself  in  one  unbroken  cataract  of  60  feet  wide,  50  feet 
perpendicular  descent,  and  a  total  fall  of  70  feet,  affording  an  immense 
water  power. 

'  NIAGARA  FALLS. — In  order  to  contemplate  aright,  and  to  form 
any  thing  like  a  just  conception  of  the  vastness  and  overpowering 
grandeur  and  sublimity  of  these  falls,  it  is  important  that  we  should 
direct  our  attention  in  the  first  place  to  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  or 
inland  seas,  as  they  may  be  called,  which  are  estimated  to  Comprise 
nearly  one-half  of  the  whole  amount  of  fresh  water  on  the  surface  of 
the  globe.  Lake  Superior,  for  instance,  comprises  an  area  of  28,000 
square  miles,  and  is  900  feet  deep— its  surface  is  641  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean.  The  waters  from  this  lake  flow  through  the 
Strait  of  St.  Mary  (which  is  not  navigable)  into  Huron  lake — 
having  a  descent  of  45  feet — Michigan  lake  comprises  an  area  of 
about  17,000  square  miles,  and  is  also  900  feet  deep — its  surface  is 
600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  being  41  below  Lake  Superior. 
The  waters  of  Michigan  lake  flow  through  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw 
into  Lake  Huron — this  lake,  including  Manitouline,  comprises  an 
area  of  19,000  square  miles,  and  is  1000  feet  deep.  Its  surface  is 
596  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  waters  of  Lake  Huron 
flow  through  St.  Clair  river  and  lake,  and  Detroit  river  into  Lake 
Erie,  having  a  descent  of  52  feet.  Lake  Erie  contains  about  9000 
square  miles,  and  is  120  feet  deep — its  surface  is  544  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean.  We  now  come  to  Niagara  river,  which,  as  it 
flows  from  Lake  Erie,  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  width,  and 
from  20  to  40  feet  deep,  and  has  for  three  miles  a  rapid  current,  and 
then  becomes  smooth  and  placid,  till  within  one  mile  of  the  falls. 
Five  miles  below  Lake  Erie  the  river  begins  to  expand,  and  con- 
tinues till  it  becomes  more  than  eight  miles  in  width,  measured 
across  Grand  Island.  Three-fourths  of  a  mile  above  the  falls  com- 
mence the  rapids,  which  have  a  descent  of  from  52  to  57  feet,  with 
white  crested  breakers,  and  a  dashing  and  foaming  torrent,  tossing 
from  10  to  30  feet  above  the  main  current,  until  they  come  to  the 
stupendous  cataract.  The  river  which  constitutes  the  outlet  of  the 
immense  body  of  water  accumulated  from  the  great  upper  lakes,  and 
numerous  rivers  which  flow  into  them,  is  here  precipitated  over  a 
precipice  160  feet  high,  with  a  solemn  and  tremendous  roar,  which 
is  ordinarily  heard  from  five  to  twenty  miles ;  and  has,  in  some  in- 
stances, been  heard  at  Toronto,  45  miles  distant.  It  is  computed 
that  one  hundred  millions  of  tons  of  water  are  discharged  over  the 
precipice  every  hour.  In  the  morning,  a  little  after  sunrise,  when  the 
crescent,  or  horse-shoe  fall,  is  illuminated  by  the  full  strength  of  the 
solar  rays  pouring  in  upon  it,  disclosing  it  nearly  to  the  bottom,  and 


123 

spanning  it  with  a  perfect  rainbow,  it  is  thought  to  exhibit  its 
greatest  beauty  and  splendour. 

The  falls  are  21  miles  below  Lake  Erie,  and  14  above  Lake  On- 
tario. The  river  at  the  falls  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide, 
but  below  it  is  immediately  compressed  to  less  than  one-fourth  of  a 
mile,  and  is  250  feet  deep,  as  ascertained  by  sounding1.  About 
three  miles  below  the  falls  is  a  terrific  whirlpool,  almost  as  powerful 
as  the  Maelstrom,  near  Norway.  Here  logs  and  trees  are  whirled 
round  for  days  in  its  outer  circles,  and  finally  drawn  down  perpen- 
dicularly with  tremendous  force,  and  shot  out  again  at  the  distance 
of  many  rods. 

The  Welland  canal  affords  a  passage  for  sloops  and  schooners  of 
125  tons  burden,  around  the  falls,  and  connects  Lake  Erie  with  Lake 
Ontario.  It  is  42  miles  long,  56  feet  wide,  and  from  8£  to  16  feet  deep, 
and  has  37  locks.  The  whole  descent  from  one  lake  to  the  other, 
which  these  locks  are  intended  to  overcome,  is  334  feet.  This 
canal  was  completed  in  1829,  and  cost  $1,000,000. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 


SHAPE,  MAGNITUDE,  AND  MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

IN  the  early  ages  of  the  world  mankind  supposed  the  earth  to  be  a 
vast  plane,  terminating  on  all  sides  in  a  shoreless  sea,  or  a  region  of 
darkness.  This  idea  continued  till  about  400  years  ago.  It  was  at 
last  discovered  to  be  a  vast  globe  or  ball,  with  an  uneven  surface  of 
mountains  and  valleys. 

That  the  earth  is  round,  or  of  a  globular  form  is  demonstrated  in 
various  ways.  1.  When  a  ship  goes  out  to  sea,  we  first  lose  sight 
of  the  hull,  or  the  body  of  the  ship ;  then  of  the  sails,  and  lower 
rigging,  and  lastly,  of  the  upper  part  of  the  masts.  If  the  earth 
were  not  round,  or  spherical,  the  hull,  or  largest  part  would  be  last 
seen.  2.  In  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  when  the  moon's  surface  is 
darkened  by  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  the  boundary  of  the  shadow  is 
always  circular,  or  round.  3.  Many  navigators  have  sailed  entirely 
round  the  earth  and  arrived  at  the  same  port  from  which  they  com- 
menced their  voyage,  by  an  opposite  course.  These  are  convincing 
proofs  that,  the  earth  is  round. 

The  earth  is  about  25,000  miles  in  circumference,  and  about  8000 
miles  in  diameter. 

Its  surface  contains  50,000,000  of  square  miles,  and  a  population 
of  800,000,000. 

The  earth  revolves  or  turns  round  on  its  axis  every  24  hours,  and 
thus  produces  day  and  night.  It  revolves  around  the  sun  in  about 
365  days,  and  thus  produces  the  various  seasons  of  the  year — spring, 
summer,  autumn,  and  winter. 

The  pivot  on  which  a  wheel  turns  is  called  its  axis.     The  earth 


tai 

is  imagined  to  have  such  an  axis,  or  point  of  revolution,  the  ends 
of  which  are  called  the  poles.  The  path  of  the  earth  in  its  annual 
revolution  is  called  its  orbit.  The  surface  of  the  earth,  with  its  bur- 
den of  continents  and  seas,  moves,  at  the  equator,  at  the  rate  of  about 
1000  miles  an  hour,  in  its  diurnal  revolution ;  and  in  its  orbit,  the 
whole  globe  flies  along  at  the  rate  of  1100  miles  a  minute ! 


LESSON  S 


ON  THE 


MAP   OF   THE   WORLD. 


ISLANDS, 


Ladrone  Is. 
Caroline  Is. 
New  Georgian  I. 
New  Ireland. 
New  Britain. 


Eastern  Hemisphere. 

Western  Hemisphere. 

Eastern  Continent. 

Europe. 

Asia. 

Africa. 

Western  Continent. 

North  and  South  Ame-  Louisiade. 

rica.  New  Guinea  I. 

Atlantic    Ocean,  8500  Gilolo  I. 

m.  1.  2000  to    5000  Celebes  I. 

m.  w.  .  Timor  I. 

Pacific  Ocean,  11,000  Flores  I. 

m.  1.  7000  w.  Sumbawa  I. 

Indian  Ocean,  500  m.  Java  I.  Batavia. 


1.  4000  w. 
Northern  Ocean. 
Southern  Ocean. 
Red  Sea. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 
Black  Sea. 
White  Sea. 
Baltic  Sea. 
Caribbean  Sea. 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 
G.  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Hudson's  B. 
Baffin's  B. 
Behring's  Str. 
Foveaux  Str. 
B.  of  Plenty. 
B.  of  Islands. 
Bass  Str.  120  m.  w. 
G.  of  Carpentaria. 
Str.  of  Macassar. 
Str.  of  Sunda. 


Cocos  Is. 
Australia  I.  Sidney. 
Van    Dieman's    Land, 

Hobart  Town. 
Royal  Company. 
Antarctic  Continent. 
Amsterdam  I. 
Kerguelen  Land. 
Enderby  Land. 
Marian  &  Crozet's  Is. 
Cough  I. 

Tristan  d'Acunha. 
Spitzbergen  I. 
Sandwicli  Is. 
Owhyee 

(or  Hawaii)  I. 
Anson's  Archipelago. 
Central  Archipelago. 
New  Hebrides  Is. 
New  Caledonia. 
Norfolk  I. 


New  Zealand  Is. 
Stewart's  I. 
Balleny's  Is. 
Victoria  Land. 
Chatham  I. 
Kermadec  Is. 
Friendly  Is. 
Feegee  (or  Fiji)  Is. 
Navigator's  Is. 
Society  Is. 
Tahiti  (or  Otahejte.) 
Austral  I. 
Pearl  Is. 
Marquesas  Is. 
Washington  Is. 
St.  Paul's  I. 
Galapagos 

(or  Gallapagos)  Is. 

Where  is  the 
Coral  Sea. 
Str.  of  Sunda. 
Bay  of  Plenty. 
Bass  Strait. 
Str.  of  Macassar. 
G.  of  Carpentaria. 
Cook's  Str.. 
Torre's  Str. 
Foveaux  Str. 
Galapagos  Is. 
Spitsbergen  I. 
Hawaii  I. 
Indian  Ocean. 
Pacific  Ocean. 
Arctic  Ocean. 


125 


ANSWERS  TO  QUESTIONS 


ON  THE 


MAP   OF  THE   WORLD. 

• 

CORAL  SEA. — Borders  on  the  north-eastern  part  of  Australia,  and 
is  inclosed  on«the  north  and  north-east  by  New  Guinea,  New  Britain, 
New  Ireland,  New  Georgian,  New  Hebrides,  and  New  Caledonia 
islands.  It  is  1300  miles  in  width. 

BASS  STRAIT. — Separates  Van  Dieman's  Land  from  the  south-east- 
ern part  of  Australia,  and  connects  different  parts  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  is  130  miles  wide. 

TORRE'S  STRAIT. — Separates  a  north-eastern  point  of  Australia, 
called  Cape  York,  from  the  southern  part  of  New  Guinea — is  a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  is  120  miles  wide. 

GULF  OF  CARPENTARIA. — In  the  northern  part  of  Australia — a  part 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

STRAIT  OF  MACASSAR. — Separates  Celebes  island  from  the  eastern 
part  of  Borneo,  and  connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Java  with  the 
Celebes  Sea. 

SUNDA  STRAIT. — Separates  the  islands  of  Sumatra  and  Java,  and 
connects  the  waters  of  the  Sea  of  Java  with  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
30  miles  wide. 

COOK'S  STRAIT. — Separates  the  islands  of  New  Ulster  and  New 
Munster,  (known  as  New  Zealand,)  and  connects  different  parts  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

FOVEAUX  STRAIT. — Separates  Steward's  island  (now  called  New 
Leinste*r)  from  the  most  southern  part  of  New  Munster — is  a  .part  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

BAY  OF  PLENTY. — In  the  northern  part  of  New  Ulster  island — a 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

GALLAPAGOS  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean — near  the  equator — and 
directly  west  of  Equador. 

SPITSBERGEN  Is. — In  the  Arctic  Ocean — north  of  Norway — extend- 
ing from  77°  to  81°  north  latitude,  being  the  most  northern  land 
which  has  yet  been  discovered. 

HAWAII  OR  OUHYEE  I. — The  largest  of  the  Sandwich  islands — in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  18°  and  20°  of  north  latitude,  and  about 
3200  miles  west  of  Mexico.  This  island  rises  in  high  and  towering 
cones  to  an  elevation  of  nearly  16,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean.  Here  is  the  gigantic  volcano  of  Kirauca,  with  its  immense 
crater,  two  miles  in  length,  by  nearly  a  mile  in  width,  and  several 
hundred  feet  deep,  in  a  constant  state  of  terrific  ebullition.  Indeed 
the  whole  island  is  one  complete  mass  of  lava,  and  being  perforated 
with  innumerable  apertures  in  the  shape  of  craters,  may  be  considered 
as  forming  a  hollow  cone  over  a  vast  furnace,  in  the  heart  of  a  stu- 
pendous sub-marine  mountain. 

11* 


126 

Captain  Cook  was  murdered  by  the  natives  of  this  island  in 
1779. 

NAVIGATORS'  Is. — In  the  Pacific  Ocean — intersected  by  the  13°  of 
south  latitude,  and  171°  of  west  longitude.  "  Palolo"  is  the  native 
name  for  a  singular  species  of  sea  worm,  which  is  found  on  the 
coast  of  these  islands — they  appear  regularly  in  the  months  of  Octo- 
ber and  November,  during  portions  of  two  days  in  each  month,  viz., 
the  day  before,  and  the  day  on  which  the  moon  is  in  her  last  quarter. 
At  the  first  dawn  of  day,  they  may  be  felt  by  the  hand,  swimming 
on  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  ^s  the  day  advances,  their  numbers 
increase,  so  that  by  the  time  the  sun  has  risen,  many  thousands 
may  be  observed  in  a  very  small  space,  sporting  merrily  during  their 
short  visit  to  the  surface  of  the  ocean.  On  the  second  day  they  ap- 
pear at  the  sametime,  and  in  a  similar  manner,  but  in  such  countless 
myriads,  that  the  surface  of  the  ocean  is  literally  covered  with  them 
for  a  considerable  extent.  On  each  day,  after  sporting  for  an  hour 
or  two,  they  disappear,  and  not  one  is  ever  observed  until  the  day 
before  the  last  quarter  of  the  moon,  in  the  month  of  October  of  the 
next  year.  In  size,  they  may  be  compared  to  a  very  small  straw, 
and  are  of  various  colours,  green,  brown,  white,  and  speckled,  and 
of  different  lengths — in  appearance  and  mode  of  swimming,  they 
resemble  very  small  snakes — they  are  exceedingly  brittle,  and  if 
broken  into  a  number  of  pieces,  each  piece  swims  off  as  though  it 
were  an  entire  worm.  The  natives  feast  upon  them,  and  esteem  as 
the  greatest  of  luxuries.  The  worms  are  caught  in  small  baskets, 
beautifully  made,  and  when  taken  on  shore,  are  tied  up  in  leaves,  in 
small  bundles  and  baked,  but  like  oysters,  they  are  eaten  both  cooked 
and  uncooked,  according  to  individual  taste. 

For  the  above  facts,  the  author  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to 
"The  Friend,"  an  excellent  paper  published  in  Philadelphia. 


PROMISCUOUS  QUESTIONS. 


Where,  is  the 

Coronation  G. 

Gut  of  Canseau. 

Piscataqua  R. 

Welcome  G. 

Koksak  R. 

Delaware  B. 

Severn  R. 

Churchill  R. 

Alleghany  Mts. 

Ottawa  R. 

Arctic  Highlands 

B.  of  Campeachy. 

B.  of  Fundy. 

Saco  R. 

Andencaple  Inlet. 

Tampa  B. 

Yazoo  R. 

Charlotte  Harbour. 

G.  of  Georgia. 

Licking  R. 

Anticosti  I. 

Str.  of  Bellisle. 

Oneida  L. 

Gulf  of  California. 

C.  Fear  R. 

Vineyard  Sd. 

Pr.  Wm.  Sound. 

Muskingum  R. 

Sabine  R. 

Vacassar  B. 

Juniata  R. 

Saginaw  B. 

Schuylkill  R. 
York  R. 

Buzzard's  B. 
Ogeechee  R. 

Winnipiseogee  L. 
Monistic  R. 

Galveston  B. 

Casco  B. 

Brazos  R. 

Green  R. 

Chesapeake  B. 

L.  Chapala. 

Savannah  R. 

Richmond  G. 

Norton  Sd. 

Santee  R. 

G.  of  Tehuantepec. 

Great  Bear  L, 

Potomac  R. 

Southampton  I. 

I.  of  Pines. 

Penobscot  R. 

L.  Cayman. 

San  Francisco  B, 

C.  Walsingham 
C.  Mendocino. 

Gothland  1. 
Malta  I. 

C.  St.  Antonio. 
C.  Chudleigh. 

White  Sea. 

Sea  of  Marmora. 

B.  of  Guatemala. 

English  Channel 

Cevennes  Mts. 

Coronation  G. 

Str.  of  Yenikale. 

Rappahannock  R. 

Seneca  L. 

Guadalquivir  R. 
Loffbden  Is. 

Skeneateles  L. 
Moosehead  L. 

Delaware  R. 
Grand  R. 

Elba  I. 

Flint  R. 

Wachusett  Mt. 

G.  of  Bothnia. 

Wabash  R. 

C.  Henry. 

C.  Matapan. 

L.  Erie. 

Pear]  R. 

Mobile  B. 

ElkL. 

James  R. 

Albemarle  Sd. 

Muscle  Shoals. 

Tongue  R. 

Green  Mts. 

Krishna  R. 

Baltic  Sea. 

New  Inlet. 

Ghaut  Mts. 

C.  Sviatoi. 

Mohawk  R. 

Niphon  I. 

C.  Passaro. 

Roanoke  R. 

Elbrooz  Mts. 

L.  Peipus. 

Long  Island  Sd 

L.  Baikel. 

Sky  I. 

C.  Robertson. 

Dead  Sea. 

Sea  of  Azof. 

L.  Chelekhof. 

Gr.  Salt  Desert. 

Seine  R. 

Sabine  I. 

Irrawaddy  R. 

B.  of  All  Saints. 

Ignacio  I. 

C.  Cannaveral. 

Ipava  L. 

(Esel  I. 

Musquito  B. 

Geral  Mts. 

Irish  Sea. 

Corn  Is. 

Porongus  L. 

G.  of  Taranto. 

Grand  B. 

Surinam  R. 

C.  Finisterre. 

Gr.  Salt  L. 

Des.  of  Ataeama. 

Petchora  R. 

Mt.  Hecla. 

Guaviare  R. 

B.  of  Biscay. 

Str.  of  Dardanelles. 

Mt.  Cotopaxi. 

Auvergne  Mts. 

Corsica  I. 

Fogo  I. 

Pensacola  B. 

Land's  End. 

Li  Maravee. 

Genesee  R. 

Dwina  R. 

Lanzarota  I. 

Big  Sandy  R. 

C.  St.  Vincent. 

Walwish  B. 

Tar  R. 

North  Sea. 

C.  St.  Mary. 

Miami  R. 

Corfu  I. 

St.  Helena  B. 

Cape  Cod. 

Muscongus  B. 

G.  of  Sidra. 

Red  Sea. 

L.  Champlain. 

Nantucket  I. 

Poyang  L. 

C.  Hatteras. 

Barataria  B. 

Channel  of  Tartary. 

C.  Catoche. 

Connecticut  R. 

Helmund  R. 

Black  Mt. 

Itasca  L. 

Peiho  R. 

Black  Hills. 

Mohegan  Mts. 

Hainan  I. 

G.  of  Venezuela. 

Salt  R. 

Kotellnoi  I. 

Str.  of  Magellan. 

L.  Memphramagog. 

Jan  Mayen  I. 

Maoxlalena  R. 

St.  Joseph  R. 

L.  Mistissinny. 

Dulce  R. 

Str.  of  Malacca. 

Icy  Cape. 

Esequibo  R. 

Str.  of  Babelmandel. 

C.  Race. 

G.  of  Guayaquil. 

Perouse  Str. 

Cosiguina  Mt. 

Ramleah  Mts. 

Zaizan  Nor. 

Sable  I. 

G.  of  Siam. 

Nerbuddah  R. 

Tule  L. 

Petchelee  G. 

G.  of  Martaban. 

North  Channel. 

ObiR. 

Ural  Mts. 

Sierra  Morena  Mts. 

Mt.  Ararat. 

Sea  of  Aral. 

L.  Ladoga. 

Sihon  R. 

G.  of  Lyons. 

Zante  I. 

Philadelphia. 

I.  of  Man. 

C.  Clear. 

C.  Corrientes. 

G.  of  Dantzic. 

Maelstrom,      (written  Mt.  Mook^r. 

Colorado  R. 

also  Mill  strom.) 

King's  C. 

Arkansas  K. 

Lemnos  I. 

C.  St.  Lewis. 

Gr.  Pedee  R. 

Rugen  I. 

Amatique  B. 

Nile  R. 

Cantabrian  Mts. 

Cattegat 

Pictured  Rocks. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Balkan  Mt. 

St.  Michael's  I. 

L.  Geneva. 

C.  Teulada. 

C    Agulhas. 

Zealand  I. 

Onega  R. 

Cairo  City. 

G.  of  Genoa. 

Pruth  R. 

Monrovia  T. 

CJngava  B. 

Str.  of  Gibraltar. 

Acaray  Mts. 

Juan  de  Fuca  Str. 

Aland  I. 

Paranagua  B. 

Davis's  Str. 

Rhine  R. 

Washington  City. 

Pr.  Edward's  I. 

L.  Maracaybo. 

Gr.  Sandy  Desert. 

How  dn   the  waters  o 

f  Terra  del  Fuego  I. 

Vancouver's  I. 

the.  Don  R.  reach  th 

le  Maroni  R. 

Bonair  I. 

Ocean  ? 

C.  Eliz  beth. 

Green  R. 

C.  St.  John. 

Sitka  I. 

Waters  of  Green  Bay 

1  C.  Gracias  a  Dios. 

Mt.  Miltsin. 

L.  Michigan. 

B.  of  Honduras. 

St.  Helena  I. 

Spirit  L. 

C.  St.  Lucas. 

Orange  R. 

Baltimore. 

C.  Gorda. 

C.  Guardafui. 

Missouri  R. 

Tigris  R. 

C.  Good  Hope. 

Mobile  T. 

Thian  Chan  Mts. 

C.  Ambro. 

*  Thunder  B. 

Dead  Gulf. 

Pittsburg. 

Teneriffe  I. 

Balcash  L. 

Portland. 

L.  Dembea. 

Nicobar  Is. 

Buffalo. 

Atlas  Mts. 

C.  Romania. 

L.  Pontchartrain. 

Senegal  R. 

Black  Sea. 

Ozark  Mts. 

Princes  I. 

Zuyder  Zee. 

Catskill  Mts. 

Wellington's  I. 

Clara  R. 

Ohio  R. 

Puna  I. 

Volga  R. 

Altamaha  R. 

G.  of  Penas. 

Tornea  R. 

Vulcan  Mts. 

Mt.  Chimborazo. 

Ebro  R. 

Orinoco  R. 

C.  St.  Roque. 

Donegal  B. 

C.  Horn. 

Madeira  R. 

L.  Maelar. 

L.  Titicaca. 

C.  Closterbay. 

Metelin  I. 

Mississippi  R. 
Oyapock  R. 

Water  Volcano. 
Mt.  Etna. 

Tombigbee  R. 
Martha's  Vineyard. 

Marambaya  B. 

C.  Farewell. 

Temiscouata.  L. 

Joannes  I. 

Athabasca  L. 

L.  George. 

Mt.  lllimani. 

C.  Lopatka. 

Bahama  Is. 

C.  Frio. 

Quelpaert  I. 

Popocatapetl. 

C.  Gallinas. 

Andaman  Is. 

Havana  City. 

Lop  Nor. 

Str.  of  Otranto. 

Melville  I. 

Str.  of  Mastmay. 

G.  of  Finland. 

C.  Brewster. 

G.  of  Cambay. 

Lipari  I. 

Kodiak  I. 

G.  of  Anadeer. 

G.  of  Venice. 

Davy's  Sound. 

Des.  of  Gobi. 

Str.  of  Messina. 

Mt.  Vesuvius. 

Mt.  Pisgah. 

L.  Wetter. 

Grampian  Hills. 

G.  of  Manaar. 

Candia  I. 

L.  Ilmen. 

Cashgar. 

Osage  R. 

Glommen  R. 

Hindoo  Koo  Mt. 

Yellow  Stone  R. 

Dniester  R. 

Bermudas  Is. 

Mt.  Jorullo. 

Tagus  R. 

Negropont  I. 

Selkirk's  I.                    Baltic  Sea. 

I.  of  Wight. 

Passaic  R.                     Tiber  R. 

PoR. 

Blo6k  I. 

C.  Verde. 

Which     is     the    most  Neuse  R. 

Porto  Santo  I. 

Northern,      Eastern,  Sound  Pa. 

C.  Orfui. 

Southern,  and  West-  New  York. 

C.  Henlopen. 

ern    Cape   of    South  Virginia. 

Cincinnati  T. 

America  ?                     Illinois. 

Mt.  Sorata. 

Which     is     the      most  Massachusetts. 

Falkland  Is. 

Northern,      E  aster  n*  Ohio. 

St.  Felix  I. 

Southern,  and  West-  Maine. 

I.  of  St.  Anne. 

ern  Cape  of  Africa  ?    Kentucky. 

L.  Reyes. 

Iceland.                           Merrimack  R. 

Mt.  of  Olives. 

Norton  Sd.                     Tennessee  R. 

Ceylon  I. 

Fox  Channel.                Rocky  Mts. 

Nova  Zembla  I. 

C.  York.                        Thames  R. 

G.  of  Tonquin. 

Green  Bank.                  Loire  R. 

Snowy  Range  Mts. 

C.  Lookout.                    Rhone  R. 

G.  of  Mexico. 

Mt.  Holyoke.                 Trinidad  I. 

Lancaster  Sd. 

C.  Romans.                    L.  Nicaragua. 

Alleghany  Mts. 

Isles  of  Shoals.              Vistula  R. 

Bantry  B. 

Mt.  Desert  I.                  Frith  of  Clyde. 

Oder  R. 

Elizabeth  I.                    Shannon  R. 

Cyprus  I. 

Penobscot  B.                  Okefinokee  Swamp. 

Hungary. 
Str.  of  Bonifacio. 

Str.  of  Dover.                 Chattahoochee  R. 
Bolearic  Isles.                Hudson  R. 

Des  Moines  R. 

Don  R.                           Red  R. 

Alabama  R. 

Danube  R.                      Platte  R. 

Passamaquaddy  B. 

Duna  R.                          Illinois  R. 

Mt.  Katahdin. 

Jordan  R.                        Quebec. 

Rock  R. 

Adams's  Peak.              T.  Guanaxuato. 

Mozambique  Channel. 

Hoang  Kiang  R.           Jamaica  I. 

Ascension  I. 

G.  of  Burgas.                 Behring's  Strait. 

Amazon  R. 

Bog  R.                            Niagara  Falls. 

Salado  R. 

Jersey  I.                        Great  Wall. 

130 


OF  THE  DIFFERENT  STATES. 


States. 

Date. 

Nation. 

Place. 

Florida 

1565 

Spanish 

St.  Augustine 

1.  Virginia 

1607 

English 

Jamestown 

2.  New  York 

1614 

Dutch 

Albany 

3.  Massachusetts 

1620 

English 

Plymouth 

4.  N.  Hampshire 

1623 

English 

Dover 

5.  N.  Jersey 

1624 

Danes 

Bergen 

6.  Delaware 

1627 

Swedes  and  Finns 

C.  Henlopen 

Maine 

1630 

English 

York 

7.  Connecticut 

1633 

English 

Windsor 

8.  Maryland 

1634 

English 

St.  Mary's 

9.  Rhode  Island 

1636 

R.  Williams 

Providence 

10.  N.  Carolina 

1650 

English 

Albemarle 

11.  S.  Carolina 

1670 

English 

Port  Royal 

Michigan 

1670 

French 

Detroit 

12.  Pennsylvania 
Illinois 

1682 
1683 

William  Penn 
French 

Philadelphia 
Kaskaskia 

Arkansas 

1685 

French 

Arkansas 

Indiana 

1690 

French 

Vincennes 

Louisiana 

1699 

French 

Iberville 

Alabama 

1702 

French 

Mobile 

Mississippi 

1716 

French 

Natchez 

Vermont 

1725 

English 

Fort  Dummer. 

13.  Georgia 

1733 

English 

Savannah 

Missouri 

1763 

French 

St.  Genevieve 

Tennessee 

1765 

English 

Nashville 

Kentucky 

1775 

Col.  D.  Boon 

Boonsboro 

Ohio 

1788 

English 

Marietta 

131  fUN 

Read  the  following  testimonials  of  i»>s£>best  qualified  to  jiid[ 
correctly,  because  they  judge  experimen^gj^  TTpg*~  "ksfV^/ 

The  undersigned,  having  just  completed  a  course  of  instruction  in 
Geography,  under  the  tuition  of  Benjamin  Naylor,  do  take  much 
pleasure  in  recommending  the  system,  of  which  he  is  the  author,  to 
all  desirous  of  obtaining  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

A.  B.  IV1NS,  Principal  Palmer  St.  Grammar  School. 

JOSEPH  WHITALL,  Teacher. 

ROBERT  IVINS,  Teacher,  Camden. 

SAMUEL  R.  SHIPLEY. 

MARGARET  E.  BUCKMAN,! 

ELIZABETH  JONES,  I  Teachers 

MARY  BEANS,  f  leachers- 

HANNAH  W.  STEEL, 
Philadelphia,  Uth  mo.  15th,  1847. 

The  undersigned,  Trustees  of  the  Union  District  School  of  Bur- 
lington, New  Jersey,  having  attended  an  examination  of  the  pupils 
of  their  Boys'  and  Girls'  Grammar  Schools, — after  the  pupils  had 
attended  a  course  of  instruction  in  Geography,  of  about  ten  days' 
continuance,  given  them  by  Benjamin  Naylor,  agreeably  to  his  sys- 
tem of  teaching  upon  Outline  Maps,  do  freely  express  the  opinion, 
that  the  said  pupils  did  demonstrate,  that  they  possessed  a  greater 
amount  of  accurate  geographical  knowledge  than  is  common  to  find 
in  students,  who  have  spent  many  quarters,  and  even  years  of  study, 
at  school,  in  the  usual  way  in  which  Geography  is  taught,  by  regu- 
lar lessons  from  books. 

We  have,  moreover,  examined  numerous  candidates  for  the  station 
of  teachers,  some  of  whom  had  passed  through  college,  and  been 
engaged  in  teaching  for  years,  whose  acquaintance  with  Geography 
would  bear  no  favourable  comparison  with  that  of  many  of  the  young 
pupils  in  Benjamin  Naylor's  class. 

J.  GRISCOM,  President, 
THOS.  MILNOR, 
JAMES  R.  WETHEREL, 
THOS.  DUTTON, 
A.  W.  ARCHER, 
WM.  R.  ALLEN, 
WM.  R.  DEACON, 
THOS.  SEAMAN. 
Burlington  6th  mo.  22rf,  1846. 

I  fully  concur  in  the  sentiment  expressed  by  our  Trustees,  in 
their  remarks  upon  Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor's  system  of  teaching  Geo- 
graphy. .  E.  WEST, 

Principal  of  Female  Grammar  Department,  Burlington. 

I  subscribe  cheerfully  to  the  above  opinion. 

RUFUS  SHADWICK, 
Principal  of  Male  Grammar  Department. 


[From  the.  Burlington  Gazette,  June  19,  1846.] 
, 

The  pupils  in  our  public  schools  have  been  for  two  weeks  past 
engaged  in  studying  Geography  under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin Naylor,  who  is  teaching  a  system  of  his  own,  assisted  by  the 
large  Outline  Maps  of  Pelton.  When  he  first  offered  himself  and 
his  system  to  the  directors  of  the  schools,  but  little  confidence  was 
felt  in  his  novel  method  of  imparting  instruction;  but  from  the 
remarkable  testimonials  of  his  ability  as  a  teacher,  which  he  pro- 
duced, furnished  by  the  presiding  officers  of  celebrated  seminaries  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  and  of  the  superiority  of  the  system,  the 
directors  were  induced  to  give  them  both  a  trial.  The  pupils  of  two 
of  the  schools,  about  eighty  in  number,  have  now  attended  under 
his  instruction  for  two  weeks  ;  and  the  result  of  his  labours  has  given 
the  most  entire  satisfaction  to  the  directors,  to  the  teachers,  to  the 
pupils,  and  to  all  others  who  have  attended  during  the  exercises. 
The  proficiency  of  the  pupils  in  Geography  is  perfectly  astonishing. 
They  can  undergo  a  most  rigid  examination  without  a  single  mis- 
take, on  maps,  where  the  names  of  neither  countries,  towns,  rivers, 
nor  lakes,  &c.,  are  printed.  The  whole  is  taught  by  the  eye,  and 
appears  to  be  thoroughly  impressed  upon  the  memory.  Every  ques- 
tion is  answered  promptly,  and  from  memory  alone.  The  study  of 
Geography  is  so  indispensable,  that  any  new  aids  by  which  it  may 
be  rapidly  and  thoroughly  acquired,  should  be  hailed  with  every 
demonstration  of  public  encouragement.  We  assure  our  readers  that 
Mr.  Naylor  is  a  master  of  the  art  of  teaching  it  rapidly,  thoroughly, 
and  in  a  way  which  possesses  the  peculiar  charm  of  interesting  the 
juvenile  mind. 

Benjamin  Naylor  has  taught  a  class  in  our  school,  from  one  of 
his  Outline  Maps,  thereby  explaining  his  system  very  much  to  our 
satisfaction.  We  take  pleasure  in  recommending  him  as  an  able 
teacher,  and  his  plan  as  being  well  calculated  to  imprint  geographi- 
cal knowledge  on  the  minds  of  children,  in  a  very  short  time,  and 
without  unnecessarily  burdening  the  memory. 

HANNAH  P.  DAVIS, 
SIBBILLA  EMBREE, 
RACHEL  PRICE,  JR., 
ANNA  A,  STEVENSON, 
Price's  Boarding  School,  West  Chester,  1st  mo.  7th,  1846. 

Harrisburg,  July  26,  1848. 

We  the  undersigned  teachers,  having  completed  a  course  of  in- 
struction in  Geography  under  the  tuition  of  B.  Naylor,  take  much 
pleasure  in  recommending  his  system  to  all  who  are  desirous  of  ob- 
taining a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

LEWIS  H.  GAUSE, 
S.  D.  INGRAM, 
E.  L.  MOORE, 
ANNA  E.  GEETY, 
MALVINA  L.  INGRAM, 
CATHARINE  A.  EMERSON. 


[From  the  West  Chester  Jeffersonian,  January  20,  1846.] 

GEOGRAPHY. 

We  had  the  pleasure,  on  Wednesday  last,  to  witness  the  exami- 
nation of  a  class  in  Geography,  at  the  public  school  in  this  borough, 
taught  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor.  We  were  surprised  and  delighted. 
Mr.  Naylor's  manner  of  teaching  is  peculiar  to  himself.  The  class 
we  had  the  pleasure  of  hearing,  were  under  his  instruction  but  six 
days,  and  exhibited  a  readiness  and  proficiency  beyond  conception. 

Benjamin  Naylor  having  taught  in  this  school,  a  course  of  lessons 
in  Geography,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  his  system  the 
most  efficient  that  we  have  seen  adopted. 

MARY  H.  MIDDLETON, 
LYDIA  GILLINGHAM, 
MARTHA  HAMPTON 
MARTHA  BEANS. 
Friends'  Central  School,  Philadelphia,  5th  mo.  16,  1846. 

[From  the  Albany  Daily  Knickerbocker,  September  16, 1846.] 

We  attended  Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor's  last  public  exhibition  on 
Monday,  and  we  must  say  that  we  were  never  more  gratified  or 
astonished  in  our  lives.  If  we  had  not  seen  what  he  has  done,  we 
could  not  have  believed  it  possible  for  any  mortal  to  impart  to  the 
merest  schoolboy  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Geography  in  a  fortnight, 
as  he  has  done — and  is  doing.  We  saw  children  under  his  tuition 
scarcely  twelve  years  old,  who,  in  two  weeks,  have  acquired  a  more 
perfect  knowledge  of  the  world  than  any  teacher  of  the  ordinary 
system  could  have  imparted  to  them  in  a  century.  The  rapidity 
with  which  Mr.  Naylor  imparts  knowledge,  is  brought  about  by  a 
well  arranged  system  of  associations,  the  admirable  working  of 
which  must  be,  seen  to  be  appreciated  by  any  one. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  MINUTES  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  OF  MADISON  GIRLS' 
GRAMMAR  SCHOOL,  IN  NEW  MARKET  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA. 

January  24,  1849. 

The  Committee  were  present  this  morning,  together  with  Messrs. 
Belsterling  and  Anderson  members  of  the  school  board ,  and  Mr.  Justice, 
a  commissioner  of  the  district,  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  the  mode 
and  manner  of  imparting  a  knowledge  of  Geography  by,  Mr.  B.  Nay- 
lor, to  the  pupils  of  the  school,  and  agree  in  saying  that  we  were 
much  edified  and  entertained  by  the  plan  of  teaching,  and  believe 
the  system  a  good  one  and  well  adapted  for  imparting  instruction. 

[From  the  West  Chester  Village  Record,  January  20,  1846.] 

Mr.  Naylor's  exhibition  of  his  class  in  Geography,  on  Wednesday 
last,  was  highly  gratifying.  The  progress  of  the  pupil  was  such  as 
to  recommend  the  teacher  and  his  system  to  all  who  wish  to  improve 
themselves  in  this  useful  branch  of  knowledge. 

WTe  cannot  too  highly  recommend  the  teachings  of  Mr.  Naylor 
to  the  patronage  of  parents  and  pupils.  His  plan  is  one  of  great 
economy,  of  time  and  money. 


134 

Mr.  Naylor's  system  of  Topographical  Geography,  as  taught  by 
Mr.  Henry  A.  Warriner,  having  been  highly  recommended  to  us, 
we  were  induced  to  use  our  influence  to  obtain  a  class  for  him  in  the 
school  under  our  charge. 

A  large  class  was  immediately  organized,  and  his  course  of  in- 
struction has  just  been  completed.  We  are  happy  to  be  able  to  say 
that  the  result  has  exceeded  our  most  sanguine  expectations. 

His  pupils  have  been  enabled,  at  their  examination,  to  answer 
with  remarkable  rapidity  and  correctness,  almost  every  question  of 
a  "  THOUSAND"  selected  at  random. 

From  what  we  have  been  eye-witnesses  to,  we  do  not  hesitate  to 
say,  that  we  believe  where  proper  attention  is  paid  by  the  pupil,  a 
thorough  and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  LOCAL  GEOGRAPHY  can  be 
obtained  in  an  almost  incredible  short  period  of  time. 

In  short,  we  believe  the  system  needs  but  a  trial  to  be  universally 
adopted  ;  and  we  hereby  recommend  it  as  being  a  great  saving  of 
LABOUR  and  TIME,  on  the  part  of  both  pupil  and  teacher. 
Respectfully, 

WILLIAM  HENRY  WOOD, 
Principal  of  Frankford  Boys'  Grammar  School. 
REBECCA  S.  ROSS,  )  4ssistantg 
MARY  J.  ROBERTS,  \  ASS1 
Thursday,  March  11,  1847. 

[Erom  the  Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin,  December  5,  1848.] 

MR.  EDITOR  : — Allow  me,  through  the  columns  of  your  valuable 
journal,  to  call  public  attention  to  the  course  of  Lessons  on  Geo- 
graphy now  in  progress,  under  Benjamin  Naylor,  at  John  Sim- 
mons's  school  room,  Locust  Street,  above  Eighth. 

On  Tuesday  evening  last,  by  the  invitation  of  a  friend,  I  attended 
the  public  examination  of  a  class  just  completing  the  course,  and 
was  struck  with  the  amount  of  general  progress  it  evinced.  Geo- 
graphical and  statistical  questions  were  answered  with  the  greatest 
readiness,  and  every  locality  pointed  out  upon  the  maps  which  hung 
before  the  pupils.  I  likewise  was  present  at  a  gratuitous  lesson 
given  on  Thursday  last,  and  was  still  more  favourably  impressed 
with  the  superiority  of  the  system.  I  desire  to  call  attention  to 
this  school,  because,  during  a  residence  of  some  years  abroad,  I 
visited  many  institutions  founded  upon  new  or  improved  systems, 
in  the  hope  of  embodying  their  utilities  for  home  experiment ;  and 
I  unhesitatingly  pronounce  Mr.  Naylor's  plan,  with  reference  to 
Geography,  far  superior  to  any  I  have  hitherto  seen.  It  is  a  system 
which  would,  I  am  convinced,  be  attended  with  the  greatest  suc- 
cess, if  adopted  by  our  public  schools  ;  and  I  feel  sure  it  requires 
only  to  be  known  to  insure  to  Mr.  N.  a  large  amount  of  patronage 
Yours  truly, 

W.  H.  FREEMAN, 
United  States  Consul  for  Curacoa. 


135 

NAYLOR'S    ARITHMETIC. 

From  the  Public  Ledger,  Oct.  25,  1849. 

The  Speedy  Calculator,  by  Benjamin  Naylor,  will  be  found  an  improved 
system  of  Arithmetic,  greatly  abridging  the  mechanical  part  of  the  solu- 
tions, and  awakening  the  powers  of  the  understanding  by  showing  the 
reasons  of  the  rules,  and  making  the  acquisitions  to  the  study  permanent. 
The  author  dispenses  with  at  least  five-sixths  of  the  ordinary  figures  em- 
ployed in  solving  problems. 

From  the  Pennsylvania  Freeman,  Nov.  8,  1849. 

The  Speedy  Calculator,  a  System  of  Arithmetic  designed  to  abridge  the 
labour  of  the  learner  and  expand  his  intellectual  faculties.  By  Benjamin 
Naylor,  author  of  Naylor' s  System  of  Teaching  Geography. 

From  as  careful  an  examination  of  this  work  as  our  time  would  permit, 
we  have  formed  a  very  favourable  opinion  of  its  merits.  Its  first  object  is 
to  make  every  arithmetical  process  intelligible,  by  a  method  of  analysis 
which  shall  always  be  for  the  learner,  a  key  to  its  meaning,  while  it  aims 
to  simplify  and  abridge  operations  which  are  either  intricate  or  tedious.  Its 
success  in  all  these  attempts  will  be  equally  gratifying  to  teachers  and  pu- 
pils. We  have  too  lively  a  sympathy  with  both,  not  to  partake  of  their 
pleasure  at  every  improvement  which  smooths  and  widens  the  way  up  the 
Hill  of  Science,  or  which  reveals  new  pleasures,  new  beauty,  or  a  deeper 
and  fuller  significance,  in  every  scene  opened  to  the  view  of  the  upward 
traveller.  We  have  no  fears  that  the  children  of  the  present  age  will  dis- 
honour their  parents  by  surpassing  them  in  knowledge  or  goodness ;  no 
higher  honour  can  the  child  bestow  on  the  virtues  and  attainments  of  his 
parents  and  teachers,  than  to  make  his  own  life  wiser  and  better  than  theirs. 
Nor  do  we  fear  that  however  great  the  facilities  for  gaining  knowledge, 
there  is  any  danger  of  its  infinite  storehouse  being  too  soon  exhausted,  or 
the  thirst  of  the  soul  being  quenched  and  sated  by  too  large  a  supply.  The 
stuffing  of  the  brain  with  dull  and  meaningless  facts  or  words,  may  and  does 
weary  and  disgust,  but  never  the  unfolding  of  the  harmony  and  real  beauty 
of  scientific  truth.  In  the  child  or  in  the  philosopher,  the  spirit  leaps  with 
a  new  gladness  as  the  unknown  truth,  or  hidden  meaning  bursts  on  the 
mind.  We  welcome  every  help  to  knowledge  as  a  help  to  moral  health 
and  harmony,  as  well  as  intellectual  development  and  symmetry  ;  and 
every  worker  in  that  great  field  of  labour  as,  in  so  far,  the  benefactor  of  his 
race.  The  humblest  of  such  is  not  to  be  despised,  but  what  he  brings  to 
the  common  good  is  a  worthy  offering  on  a  divine  altar.  But  in  our  mo- 
ralizing we  are  forgetting  the  object  for  which  we  took  our  pen,  viz.,  to 
recommend  Mr.  Naylor's  new  system  of  Arithmetic  to  the  attention  of 
teachers,  parents,  and  school  directors,  as,  at  least,  well  worthy  of  their 
examination. 

From  the  Woodbury  Constitution,  March  18,  1845.   ' 

In  this  wonder  working  age,  every  thing  seems  to  be  progressing  at  rail- 
road speed ;  we  rise  in  the  morning  in  Philadelphia  and  dine  in  New  York, 


136 

with  scarcely  a  perception  that  we  have  been  in  motion.  One  may  sit 
quietly  in  Baltimore  and  hold  conversation  with  a  friend  in  Washington, 
almost  without  being  aware  of  the  fact  that  he  is  40  miles  distant  from  his 
friend.  The  improvements  of  the  age  are  not  confined  to  physics  alone. 
The  MIND  is  made,  by  improvements  in  its  modes  of  cultivation,  to  surpass 
any  thing  heretofore  conceived  possible,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  examination 
at  our  Courthouse,  the  other  evening,  of  Mr.  Naylor's  pupils.  Boys  of 
from  10  to  15  years  of  age,  being  capable  of  solving  the  most  complicated 
questions  almost  with  the  quickness  of  thought,  and  with  so  few  figures  as 
to  appear  magical. 

The  mode  of  examination  was  something  in  this  way.  Questions  were 
read  by  the  teacher,  during  which  the  boys,  in  a  class  of  8  or  10,  were 
required  to  put  down  upon  the  black  board  before  them,  the  figures  named 
in  the  question,  and  from  these  one  of  the  boys  was  then  required  to  give 
an  explanation  of  the  statement,  which  statement  being  completed  by  each 
boy,  the  word  was  given  to  solve,  and  it  was  done  with  the  quickness  of 
thought.  No  questions  proposed  to  them  required  more  than  3|  minutes 
from  the  time  the  reading  of  it  was  finished.  We  will  give  a  few  of  the 
questions  as  specimens  : 

1.  If  3  compositors  set   15£  pages  in  2|  days,  how  many  will  be  re- 
quired to  set  69|  pages  in  6£  days'?     Answered  in  50  seconds. 

2.  If  25  pears  can  be  bought  for  10  lemons,  and  28  lemons  for  18  pome- 
granates, and  1  pomegranate  for  48  almonds,  and  50  almonds  for  70  chest- 
nuts, and  108  chestnuts  for  2£  cents,  how  many  pears  can  I  buy  for  $1.35  ] 
Answered  in  one  minute. 

3.  A  has  608  yards  of  cloth  at  14s.  per  yard,  for  which  B  is  to  give  him 
JC125   12s.  in  money,  and   85  cwt.  2  qrs.  24  Ibs.  of  beeswax,  at  how  much 
is  the  beeswax  valued  per  cwt.  1     Answered  in  1  minute. 

4.  A  cistern  for  water  has  two  cccks  to  supply  it,  by  the  first  it  may  be 
filled  in  45  minutes,  and  by  the  second  in   55  minutes  ;  it  has  likewise  a 
discharging  cock,  by  which  it  may,  when  full,  be   emptied  in   30  minutes  : 
now  if  these  three  cocks  be  all  left  open  when  the  water  comes  in,  in  what 
time  will  the  cistern  be  filled]     Answered  in  1^-  minutes. 

It  must  be  remembered  too,  that  neither  the  teacher  nor  pupil  knew  that 
they  were  working  against  time,  one  of  the  spectators  keeping  the  time 
without  letting  them  know  it.  And  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  two,  that 
most  of  the  time  was  taken  up  in  making  the  statement — the  solution  in 
every  case  being  the  work  of  an  instant. 

From  the  Lafayette  (Indiana]  Free  Press,  April,  1844. 

We  had  the  pleasure  of  being  present  at  Mr.  Naylor's  examination,  on 
Monday  afternoon  and  evening.  The  large  Methodist  church  was  crowded 
with  the  most  intelligent  and  delighted  audience.  When  the  subject  of 
Arithmetic  (which  occupied  several  hours)  came  up,  the  pupils  seemed  to 
become  even  more  animated  than  during  the  other  exercises.  Their  pro- 
ficiency in  this  science  was  perfectly  astonishing,  and  if  this  proficiency  be 
a  proper  criterion  to  judge  by  Mr.  Naylor's  plan  of  teaching  Arithmetic,  is 
undoubtedly  vastly  superior  to  any  thing  now  known  in  the  west. 

From  the  Evening  Bulletin. 

EXAMINATION  OF  PUPILS  IN  NAYLOR'S  NEW  SYSTEM  OF  ARITHMETIC. 
We   should  hail  with  gratitude  every  successful  effort  to  abridge  th« 


137 

labour  of  acquiring  useful  knowledge,  particularly  in  the  elementary 
branches  of  education,  pursued,  a-;  they  are,  at  an  early  age,  when  the 
mind  is  but  imperfectly  developed,  and  which  requires  so  long  a  period  for 
their  complete  mastery. 

We  were  in  attendance  at  an  Arithmetical  Examination  of  a  class  from 
the  Chester  Street  Secondary  Boys'  School,  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Kaylor,  on 
Friday  evening  last,  at  Franklin  Hall,  which  took  place  in  presence  of  a 
large  and  intelligent  audience,  and  were  delighted  and  astonished  at  the 
surprising  rapidity  and  precision  with  which  the  pupils  solved  a  variety  of 
complex  problems,  as  well  as  at  the  clear  and  logical  manner  in  which  they 
demonstrated  every  part  of  the  process. 

In  order  to  convey  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  a  more  definite  idea,  we 
will  give  from  our  notes  a  few  specimens  of  the  problems  solved  : 

A  merchant  had  5|  cwt.  of  sugar,  fct  6|d.  per  pound,  which  he  bar- 
tered for  tea,  at  8|s.  per  pound  ;  how  many  pounds  of  tea  did  he  receive 
for  the  sugar  1 

This  question  was  solved  in  less  than  two  minutes,  with  but  ten  figures 
in  the  work,  after  the  statement  was  made  ;  whereas  an  ordinary  solution 
would  require  118  figures. 

Another — If  3  cwt.  of  hay  cost  §5.88,  what  will  2  tons,  5  cwt.,  20 
pounds  cost  at  that  rate  1 

This  problem  was  also  solved  in  less  than  two  minutes,  and  by  a  purely 
intellectual  process;  not  a  single  figure  was  written  on  the  black  board  by 
the  pupils,  excepting  those  in  the  statement  and  answer;  yet  an  ordinary 
solution  would  require  79  figures  in  tlie  work. 

Again — What  is  the  value  of  1 72  pigs  of  lead,  each  weighing  3  cwt. 
2  qrs.  17§  pounds,  at  the  rate  of  $29.5S£,  per  fother,  of  19£  cwt. 

The  solution  of  this  problem  occupied  between  two  and  three  minutes, 
(including  the  time  of  making  and  explaining  the  statement)  and  eight 
figures  only  were  used  in  the  work,  while  if  solved  by  the  common  rules, 
the  pupil  will  have  to  make  somewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  170 
figures. 

The  exercises  in  oral  arithmetic  were  interesting  in  the  highest  degree  ; 
the  youthful  mind  grasping  at  feats  far  beyond  the  strength  of  mature  wis- 
dom, which  utterly  failed  in  the  same  exercises. 

We  were,  furthermore,  pleased  to  observe  the  avidity  with  which  the 
young  aspirants  for  distinction  sought  a  call  to  the  field — none  seemed  in- 
clined to  shrink  the  task,  but  all  appeared  laudably  ambitious  to  cut  a 
figure. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  time  devoted  to  the  study  of  Arith- 
metic in  this  school  is  but  one  hour  each  day,  which  Mr.  Naylor  has  em- 
ployed during  some  four  or  five  months,  and  thereby  produced  such  extra- 
ordinary results.  In  order  to  properly  appreciate  the  merits  of  his  system, 
this  important  fact  must  not  be  forgotten.  The  system  must  undoubtedly 
be  admirably  well  adapted  to  expand  and  discipline  the  youthful  mind,  and 
should  therefore  claim  the  attention  of  all  who  desire  to  promote  the  caune 
of  education.  v 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  examination,  it  was  proposed  to  have  an  expres- 
sion of  opinion  in  reference  to  the  subject,  when  Clinton  Gillingham  was 
called  to  the  chair,  and  Nathaniel  P.  Hood  appointed  secretary. 

The  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  then  offered  by  Mr.  John 
Ashton,  Jr.,  and  adopted  by  the  audience  : 

Whereas,  the  cause  of  education  is  the  cause  of  humanity.     Ready  and 


apt  modes  of  acquiring  knowledge,  whereby  may  be  lessened  the  excessive 
toil  which  has  hitherto  stood  in  the  way  of  the  pupil,  may  be  justly  hailed 
as  the  labour-saving  machinery  of  the  mind ;  we  therefore  regard  the  plan 
of  instruction  introduced  by  Mr.  Nay  lor  as  one  of  computeless  benefit,  and 
of  surpassing  importance  to  mankind. 

Resolved,  That  in  the  success  which  has  attended  Mr.  Naylor's  mode  of 
imparting  geographical  knowledge,  we  have  viewed  an  earnest  of  its  appli- 
cability to  the  acquirement  of  other  science,  and  the  evidence  of  which  the 
illustrations  of  this  evening  have  offered  fully  confirms  our  preconceived 
hopes. 

Resolved,  That  we  are  not  content  that  our  hopes  of  enlarged  benefits 
from  the  system  should  rest  here.  No.  We  would  have  History,  Chro- 
nology, Botany,  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  and  other  sciences  embraced  in  the 
comprehensive  schedule  of  his  admirable  educational  method. 

Resolved,  That  the  thorough  mental  discipline  displayed  in  the  arithme- 
tical exercises  which  we  have  this  evening  witnessed,  entitle  Mr.  Naylor's 
system  to  the  credit  of  at  once  shortening  the  process,  facilitating  the  study, 
and  training  the  mind  of  the  pupil  to  active  and  healthy  thought. 

Resolved,  That  we  recommend  to  the  Controllers  and  Directors  of  our 
Public  Schools,  and  to  all  who  directly  or  indirectly  have  charge  of  the 
culture  of  youth,  a  due  inquiry  into  the  principles  and  practice  of  Mr.  Nay- 
lor's system. 

Mr.  Rehn  offered  the  following,  which  was  also  adopted : 

Resolved,  That  these  resolutions  be  published  in  one  or  more  of  the 
papers  of  this  city. 

From  the  Pennsylvania  Freeman,  Dec.  21,  1848. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Having  attended  with  much  interest  and  satisfaction  several  lessons  in 
Geography  given  by  Mr.  Naylor,  to  his  class  in  Locust  Street,  and  observed 
the  rapidity  and  ease  with  which  his  pupils  acquire  a  knowledge  of  Geo- 
graphy, we  believe  we  shall  do  our  readers  a  service,  by  copying  from  the 
Daily  Republic  the  following  testimony  to  the  worth  of  his  system  : 

The  Geography  lesson  was  once  our  delight,  and  we  plumed  ourselves 
upon  the  rewards  and  commendations  it  gained  us ;  but  when  we  saw  Mr. 
Naylor's  boys  and  girls  acquiring  in  a  single  evening  more  knowledge  than 
we  could  scrape  up  in  a  week,  we  must  either  confess  to  incorrigible  stu- 
pidity, or  the  superior  excellence  of  his  method  of  teaching.  The  latter 
supposition  was  most  agreeable  to  our  self-esteem,  and  we  adopted  it.  We 
recommend  our  readers  to  go  and  see ;  they  may  have  as  good  a  reason  for 
the  same  conclusion. 

NAYLOR'S  SYSTEM  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 

On  last  Tuesday  evening  a  public  examination  of  Naylor's  celebrated 
Geography  class,  was  held  at  the  Arch  Street  Hall.  The  room  was  crowded, 
so  that  many  were  unable  to  obtain  seats ;  but  so  great  was  the  interest 
excited  by  the  proficiency  of  the  pupils  that  the  audience  remained  perfectly 
quiet  during  the  whole  of  the  exercises,  which  lasted  about  two  hours. 

Some  remarks  were  then  made  by  Lewis  C.  Gunn,  who  stated  that  he 
had  been  engaged  in  teaching  for  six  years,  and  that  he  felt  interested  in 
every  thing  relative  to  education.  He  had  also  been  entirely  sceptical  iu 


relation  to  Mr.  Naylor's  system,  until  he  had  examined  some  of  his  pupils, 
and  tested  the  practical  operation  of  the  system.  He  was  now  entirely 
satisfied,  and  offered  with  pleasure  the  following  resolutions.  John  Sim- 
mons immediately  rose  and  seconded  them,  stating  that  he  also  had  been 
engaged  in  teaching  in  this  city  more  than  twenty  years ;  that  he  had  been 
very  slow  to  approve  of  the  present  system,  regarding  it,  at  first,  as  a  hum- 
bug, but  that  now  he  was  satisfied  it  was  the  only  true  system  for  instruct- 
ing in  Geography,  that  was  based  upon  correct  philosophical  principles. 
That  he  had  never  known  a  single  pupil  taught  in  the  ordinary  way, 
whose  proficiency  in  Geography  was  equal  to  that  of  the  smallest  pupil  in 
this  class. 

The  resolutions  were  then  adopted  by  acclamation,  by  the  audience,  among 
whom  were  a  large  number  of  teachers,  and  parents  of  Mr.  Naylor's  pupil*. 

Resolved,  That  the  system  of  Geography  commonly  known  as  Naylor's 
System,  possesses  merits  which  we  think  have  not  yet  been  appreciated  ; 
simply  because  the  public  are  not  yet  acquainted  with  the  peculiarities  of 
the  system. 

Resolved,  That  one  excellence  of  the  system  which  entitles  it  to  especial 
regard,  is  that  it  interests  the  scholar  and  makes  learning  a  pleasure  ii^tead 
of  a  task. 

Resolved,  That  another  excellence  is,  that  it  impressed  almost  indelibly 
upon  the  mind  of  the  scholar,  maps  of  the  different  countries,  instead  of  a 
mere  collection  of  names,  which  are  soon  forgotten. 

Resolved,  That  the  system  is  based  upon  correct  views  of  mental  philoso- 
phy ;  as  proved  not  only  by  the  effects  already  referred  to,  but  also  by  "the 
astonishing  rapidity  with  which  Geography  is  learned. 

Resolved,  That  as  teachers,  parents,  and  scholars,  we  can  truthfully 
testify  that  more  Geography  can  be  learned  in  one  course  of  lessons  under 
Mr.  Nay  lor,  occupying  only  35  evenings,  than  is  generally  learned  at  school 
in  several  years,  and  that  when  learned  it  is  more  easily  remembered. 

From  the  Pennsylvania  Teh-graph,  Harrisbitrg  June,  1848. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
fl  New  truth  is  better  than  old  error." 

Mr.  Editor : — Last  evening  I  attended  an  examination  of  a  Geography 
class  which  has  been  for  the  last  three  weeks  receiving  instructions  two 
hours  and  a  half  per  day  from  Mr.  Nay  lor,  the  author  of  the  system.  If 
this  was  not  the  day  of  wonder,  instead  of  miracle,  one  would  have  sup- 
posed the  vast  amount  of  geographical  knowledge  which  his  class  exhibited, 
had  been  imparted  by  some  super-human  agency. 

They  manifested  an  entire  acquaintance  with  the  maps  of  North  America 
and  United  States,  (the  only  two  he  has  yet  taught  them,)  and  the  rapidity 
with  which  they  could  give  names  to  the  different  parts  was  astonishing. 
Besides  this,  they  answered  with  backs  to  the  maps,  some  70  or  80  questions 
with  great  promptness  and  precision ;  the  answers  embraced  a  great  number 
of  highly  interesting  and  important  facts,  couched  in  very  laconic  language. 

Their  knowledge  of  the  maps  was  very  thorough ;  they  could  not  only 
name  the  precise  location  of  the  bays,  lakes,  capes,  &c.,  but  they  could  tell 
where  all  the  principal  rivers  rose,  their  course,  length,  the  bodies  of  water 
into  which  they  flowed ;  what  States  they  bounded,  if  any,  and  repeat  the 
towns  situated  on  each. 


MO 

Now  the  query  arises  how  is  all  this  knowledge  imparted  ?  How  can 
small  children  put  to  shame,'  and  that  too  in  a  few  lessons,  those  that  have 
taught  Geography  for  years  1  By  what  plan  can  pupils  learn  more  in  a 
few  weeks,  than  they  could  in  a  life  by  the  old  system.  Simplicity  marks 
every  improvement  adapted  to  the  human  mind  ;  and  this  is  not  an  excep- 
tion. The  plan  is  this ;  a  large  outline  map  is  hung  up  before  the  pu  Us , 
the  teacher  with  a  rod  points  out  the  various  parts  and  repeats  their  names, 
grouping  several  together;  the  class  repeats  the  names  after  him;  after 
they  are  somewhat  familiarized  with  the  names,  they  chant  or  sing  them 
over  repeatedly,  the  teacher  still  pointing  out  their  location.  Thus  through 
th>e  medium  of  the  eye,  and  by  means  of  association  and  repetition,  an  inde- 
lible impression  is  made  on  the  mind  ;  indeed  the  principle  of  association 
is  the  great  distinguishing  feature  of  this  system.  It  will  undoubtedly  su- 
persede the  sluggish  one  now  in  general  use  in  our  schools ;  because  it  is 
adapted  to  the  philosophy  of  the  mind  with  which  Mr.  N.  appears  to  be  an 
adept. 

There  are  two  objects  sought  for  in  the  education  of  children ;  the  first 
is  to  develop  the  faculties  of  the  mind;  the  second  is  to  store  the  mind 
with  facts  and  principles  to  be  used  in  after  life.  This  system  is  wonder- 
fully fitted  to  develop  the  memory ;  the  plan  used  being  such  as  to  concen- 
trate the  mind  and  to  tax  its  powers  to  the  greatest  extent,  consequently  to 
invigorate  and  strengthen  it.  And  because  the  impression  is  made  through 
the  medium  of  the  eye  it  must  be  very  lasting.  Every  one  knows  how 
much  more  easy  it  is  to  recognize  a  countenance  he  has  once  seen,  than 
one  of  which  he  has  had  the  most  accurate  description.  IV ow  the  question 
is,  will  the  directors  of  our  public  schools  think  proper  to  introduce  into 
them  a  system  so  eminently  calculated  to  relieve  the  teacher  and  improve 
the  learner.  Our  public  schools  have  been  well  said  to  be  the  palladium 
of  our  liberties.  Why  are  they  so  ]  Because  they  are  the  great  fountai  ns 
from  which  issue  the  knowledge  of  the  masses.  Let  not  only  the  fountains 
be  kept  clear,  but  let  the  access  to  them  be  made  as  easy  and  inviting  as 
possible. 

If  this  system  be  an  improvement,  the  poor  as  well  as  the  rich,  have  a 
right  to  its  advantages.  Let  it  be  adopted  in  our  public  schools,  and  future 
generations  will  thank  Mr.  Naylor  for  his  zealous  efforts  to  benefit  the  race. 

From  the  Daily  Republic,  Oct.  30,  1848. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor's  system  of  teaching  Geography,  which  has  been  now 
very  fully  tested  by  a  number  of  large  classes  in  this  city,  has  proved  itself 
worthy  the  attention  arid  adoption  of  all  who  wish  to  lighten  the  labour  of 
children  in  the  aquisition  of  this  branch  of  elementary  knowledge. 

Geography,  as  usually  taught,  is  a  tedious  and  uninteresting  study  in  its 
minute  and  most  important  details.  It  absorbs  more  attention  than  the 
result  justifies,  and  overtasks  the  memory  without  affording  information 
practically  available.  Mr.  IV  ay  lor  dispenses  with  the  use  of  the  school 
book  during  the  recitations,  using  only  large  outline  maps,  and  imparting 
his  instruction  orally.  The  names  and  positions  of  places  are  chanted  to  a 
simple  tune  which  greatly  assists  in  the  recitation.  The  children  all  join 
in  the  singing  right  merrily,  keeping  their  eyes  fixed  upon  the  places  on  the 
map  as  he  points  them  out.  Mr.  Naylor  teaches  the  whole  of  what  is  called 


141 

Geography  in  thirty  lessons,  and  it  is  really  surprising  to  witness  the  joy- 
ous  alacrity  and  rapid  exactness  with  which  the  children  sing  over  the 
names  of  Continents,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  Islands,  and  Mountains:  Oceans, 
Seas,  Gulfs,  Lakes,  Bays,  and  Rivers — Capes,  Inlets,  Bights,  Sounds,  and 
Straits — Empires,  Kingdoms,  Princedoms,  Dukedoms,  States,  Cities,  and 
Towns.  They  will  scour  the  sands  of  Africa,  faster  than  a  Bushman, 
giving  a  local  habitation  to  the  tribes  whose  whereabouts  were  not  known 
a  few  years  ago ;  and  it  is  all  done  brightly,  earnestly,  and  in  a  state  of  the 
happiest  excitement,  for  the  teacher  possesses  the  happy  tact  of  giving  inter- 
est to  new  and  unfamiliar  places  by  relating  historical  facts,  describing  na- 
tural curiosities  and  anecdotes  of  early  discoveries,  which  at  once  relieve 
the  study  and  fix  the  figures  and  localities  in  the  memory. 

By  this  system  the  labour  of  years  is  performed,  in  effect,  in  a  month,  the 
mind  is  agreeably  stimulated,  the  memory  healthfully  exercised,  the  social 
feeling  kindly  indulged,  while  the  simple  tunes  which  they  chant,  blend  the 
class  and  teacher  into  the  most  cordial  harmony.  At  the  examinations  held 
by  Mr.  Naylor,  the  public  have  had  ample  opportunity  of  witnessing 
the  great  facility  with  which  the  scholars  answer  miscellaneous  questions 
on  the  maps,  proving  that  he  really  does  teach  them  Geography  in  thirty 
lessons ! 

We  cheerfully  give  publication  to  the  above  notice  of  Mr.  Naylor's  sys- 
system  of  teaching  Geography  to  children.  Our  own  child  has  enjoyed 
the  advantage  of  his  institution  ;  occasionally,  we  have  witnessed  the  pro- 
cess and  been  as  much  gratified  with  the  procedure  and  result  as  our  cor. 
respondent.  The  praise  is  well  deserved,  and  Mr.  Naylor  both  as  a  teacher 
and  gentleman  we  know  to  be  worthy  of  patronage  and  confidence. 

From  the  True  Sun,  May  5,  1849. 
LEARNING  MADE  EASY. 

We  have  never  seen  a  better  illustration  of  this  than  in  the  system 
adopted  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor,  of  this  city,  for  teaching  Geography. 
We  have  seen  his  class  together,  and  have  talked  with  the  pupils  sepa- 
rately, and  with  their  parents.  The  evidence  before  our  eyes  was  fully 
confirmed  by  the  testimony  of  the  children,  who  should  certainly  know. 
One  thing  is  certain,  Mr.  Naylor's  system  interests  the  scholars  beyond  any 
thing  heretofore  tried.  They  go  to  their  Geography  lesson  with  as  much 
eagerness  as  to  a  singing  school.  And  why  should  they  not  1  for  Mr. 
Naylor  in  fact  keeps  a  singing  school.  He  first  instructs  his  class  orally, 
and  in  the  most  interesting  manner,  giving  them  numerous  facts  and  details. 
He  then  makes  them  repeat  what  they  have  learned,  not  only  in  the  order 
in  which  they  had  learned  it,  but  also  in  an  inverted  order,  thereby  securing 
their  utmost  attention,  and  fixing  every  thing  on  the  memory.  Mr.  Nay- 
lor is  fully  aware  of  the  importance  of  repetition  in  the  study  of  Geography. 
In  no  other  study  is  it  more  important.  But  frequent  repetition  becomes 
irksome,  or  to  say  the  least,  the  scholars  are  apt  to  become  listless.  In 
order  to  obviate  this  Mr.  Naylor  has  happily  introduced  singing  or  chant- 
ing— so  that  after  a  lesson  is  once  learned  the  scholars  rehearse  it  from  day 
to  day  in  concert,  singing  a  song  of  boundaries,  rivers,  lakes,  and  cities, 
interspersed  with  incidents  which  more  properly  belong  to  the  region  of 
song. 

We  can  scarcely  say  which  was  greater,  our  astonishment  or  our  grati- 


143 

fication,  on  listening,  a  few  evenings  since,  to  an  examination  of  Mr.  Nay- 
lor's  class.  The  questions  were  all  answered  instantly  and  correctly.  Nor 
were  they  easy  questions  by  any  means.  There  were  upwards  of  a  thou- 
sand, and  many  of  them  referred  to  the  length  of  rivers,  the  height  of  moun- 
tains and  other  statistics.  You  could  not  probably  select  more  difficult 
questions,  and  certainly  you  cannot  find  another  class  of  children  in  the  city 
capable  of  answering  them. 

From  Fowler's  American  Phrenological  Journal. 

NAYLOR'S  SYSTEM  OF  TEACHING  GEOGRAPHY  BY  CONNECTING  IT  WITH 

Music. 

That  mankind  is  progressive  in  every  respect  is  a  cardinal  doctrine  alike 
of  Phrenology  and  of  our  Journal.  We  must  therefore  expect  that  im- 
proved modes  of  teaching  both  science  as  a  whole,  and  the  respective  de- 
partments of  it,  will  be  continually  making  their  appearance.  To  many 
of  us  the  study  of  Geography  has  been  exceedingly  dry  and  hard; 
whereas  it  is  capable  of  being  rendered  easy  and  delightful.  Benjamin 
Naylor  has,  we  think,  made  some  very  important  advances  upon  the  pre- 
sent mode  of  teaching  Geography.  The  real  philosophy  involved  in  these 
advances  is  by  increasing  its  associations.  For  example,  the  association  of 
geographical  facts,  boundaries,  names,  &c.,  with  singing.  Thus  he  bringo 
Time,  Tune,  Language,  and  Comparison  to  the  aid  of  Eventuality  and 
Locality,  and  thereby  renders  the  impression  upon  the  mind  much  more 
indelible,  and  enables  the  learner,  by  remembering  the  tune,  to  recall  its 
words,  and  thereby  the  facts  and  names  stated.  Music  possesses  a  deep 
and  universal  interest.  Its  capability  of  awakening  up  to  increased  action 
all  the  other  faculties,  has  already  been  stated  in  the  Journal.  Why  then 
should  it  not  be  employed  to  increase  the  action  of  Locality,  Eventuality, 
and  the  other  geographical  faculties,  as  well  as  Combattiveness,  Veneration, 
Mirth,  or  the  social  faculties  ? 

From  what  we  have  been  able  to  learn  concerning  it,  we  do  not  hesitate 
to  say  that  it  will  enable  pupils  to  learn  several  hundred  per  cent,  faster 
and  better  than  the  common  method.  We  have  rarely  been  more  gratified 
than  by  attending  one  of  Mr.  N.'s  exhibitions,  and  both  cheerfully  and  con- 
fidently recommend  his  system  to  universal  adoption  in  all  our  schools. 

Besides  all  its  other  advantages,  its  discipline  and  improvement  of  the 
voice  are  admirable.  We  have  known  several  teachers  who  have  not 
merely  improved,  but  restored  their  voices  and  lungs  from  extreme  weak- 
ness to  strength  and  health.  This  feature  of  it  alone  renders  it  invaluable 
for  schools.  Why  should  not  the  lungs  be  cultivated  in  schools  as  much 
as  Causality.  One  of  the  principal  faults  of  schooling  is  its  injurious  in- 
fluence upon  the  lungs.  Few  things  are  more  promotive  of  general  health 
and  vital  power  than  the  vigorous  exercise  of  the  lungs.  This  exercise 
this  system  requires.  His  system  must  commend  itself  to  the  common 
sense  of  all  judicious  school  teachers  and  directors.  We  are  glad  to  be 
able  to  contribute  of  our  mite,  to  the  dissemination  of  a  system  possessing 
so  many  decided  improvements  upon  the  present  mode  of  teaching  this 
science. 


143 

From  the  School  Friend,  Published  in  Cincinnati. 
A  NEW  METHOD  OF  TEACHING  GEOGRAPHY. 

Mr.  Editor : — Permit  me,  through  your  excellent  paper,  to  call  the  atten 
tion  of  the  public  to  a  new  method  of  teaching  Geography,  invented  by 
Mr.  Benjamin  Naylor,  of  Philadelphia.  I  am  aware  that  there  is  a  preju- 
dice in  the  minds  of  many  intelligent  teachers,  against  every  system  of  in- 
struction which  differs  widely  from  those  to  which  they  always  have  been 
accustomed.  Such  a  prejudice  is  certainly  very  natural;  and  one  might 
almost  add,  very  excusable — especially  when  it  is  considered  how  often  the 
public  has  been  imposed  upon  by  systems  of  Artificial  Memory,  and  other 
inventions  claiming  to  be  "  royal  roads"  to  science,  but  which  are  in  fact 
but  royal  roads  to  ignorance  ;  since  they  have  nothing  to  recommend  them 
but  their  novelty  and  the  ease  with  which  they  may  be  travelled  ;  the  pupil 
in  no  case  being  subjected  to  the  disagreeable  toil  of  ascending  in  his 
course. 

The  system  of  Mr.  Naylor,  however,  differs  in  some  material  points 
from  all  others  of  its  class ;  and  will  be  found,  I  am  persuaded,  to  possess 
more  than  ordinary  claims  on  our  attention.  He  does  not,  like  many  of 
our  edicational  mountebanks,  travel  from  place  to  place  with  a  view  to  reap 
a  hasty  harvest  from  the  ignorance  or  inexperience  of  the  people,  and  leave 
as  soon  as  the  real  character  of  the  so  styled  improvement  becomes  known. 
On  the  contrary,  suffice  it  to  say,  that  he  invites  the  most  rigorous  exami- 
nation into  the  peculiarities  of  his  method  of  instruction,  and  expresses 
his  entire  willingness  that  its  merits  should  be  tested  by  its  permanent 
results. 

The  following  sketch  may  serve  to  give  the  reader  an  idea — though  a 
very  imperfect  one — of  Mr.  Naylor's  mode  of  teaching.  A  set  of  large 
Outline  Maps,  (on  which  there  are  no  names,)  are  suspended  before  the 
class.  The  teacher  then  points  out  the  different  seas,  rivers,  towns,  &c., 
giving  at  the  same  time  the  name  of  each.  After  having  become  acquainted 
with  a  considerable  number,  all  the  pupils  together  chant  their  names  in 
succession.  The  modulation  of  .the  sounds  in  the  different  names,  though 
a  simple  sort  of  music,  has  a  very  exhilarating  effect  on  the  class,  and  not 
only  makes  the  exercise  more  pleasing  to  them,  but  contributes  greatly  to 
strengthen  the  impression  made  upon  the  memory.  After  the  scholars 
have  become  familiar  with  the  important  places  on  the  maps,  and  can 
readily  call  them  by  name — which  they  will  learn  to  do  in  an  astonishingly 
short  time — the  teacher  proceeds  to  the  minutiae  of  description,  statistics, 
&c.  The  facility  and  precision  with  which  Mr.  Naylor's  classes  will  de- 
scribe the  course,  (including  all  the  principal  bends,)  and  the  length,  of 
such  a  river  as  the  Mississippi,  naming  in  their  proper  order  all  the  states, 
towns,  and  villages,  situated  on  both  sides  of  it,  is  perfectly  amazing.  When 
I  first  witnessed  an  exhibition  of  this  kind,  I  confess,  I  could  hardly  trust 
my  ears.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  due  to  Mr.  Naylor  to  say,  that  he  is  evi- 
dently less  anxious  to  surprise  by  brilliant  temporary  results  than  to  use 
.  every  possible  means  to  render  the  knowledge  which  he  imparts  thorough 
and  permanent.  He  has  lately  published  a  little  work,  intended  as  a  key 
to  his  system,  which  will  satisfy  the  mind  of  any  one  who  will  examine  it 
thoroughly  that  his  method  of  instruction  is  any  thing  but  superficial.  In 
order,  however,  to  obtain  a  just  idea  of  all  the  advantages  of  his  system  it 


in 

would  be   necessary  for  the  inquirer  to  learn   under  Nay  lor  himself,  or 
under  some  one  who  has  been  fully  instructed  by  him. 

Another  recommendation  of  the  system  in  question,  is  the  facility  which 
it  affords  for  acquiring  the  correct  pronunciation  of  geographical  names. 
Every  teacher  will  admit,  (if  he  has  had  half  as  much  trouble  in  this  way 
as  the  writer  of  the  present  article,)  that  this  is  a  very  difficult  branch  of 
instruction.  Those  acquainted  with  the  business  of  education  must  be 
aware  that  correct  pronunciation  depends  less  upon  knowledge  than  upon 
habit.  If  a  child  be  early  accustomed  to  hear  words  or  names  pronounced 
correctly,  he  will  learn  to  speak  them  correctly  himself,  with  but  little  dif- 
ficulty ;  but  if  he  grows  up  with  erroneous  habits  in  this  respect,  he  will  be 
almost  sure  to  pronounce  wrong  from  the  mere  force  of  habit,  even  though 
he  knows  perfectly  what  the  true  pronunciation  is.  Now  according  to  the 
system  of  Mr.  Naylor,  the  pupils,  from  speaking  in  concert,  must  neces- 
sarily adopt  the  same  pronunciation,  of  geographical  names,  and  this  pro- 
nunciation by  the  frequent  repetition  will  become  unalterably  fixed.  In 
In  this  manner,  if  the  teacher  is  careful  to  speak  correctly  himself,  the 
pupil  will  acquire  permanent  habits  of  correct  pronunciation  without  the 
least  difficulty ;  and  accuracy  and  uniformity  may  thus  be  introduced  into 
a  department  of  orthoepy,  which,  as  all  admit,  has  till  recently  been  in  a 
state  of  the  greatest  discrepancy  and  confusion. 

A  TEACHER. 
Philadelphia  Feb.,  1848. 

From  the  Woodbury  Constitution. 

NAYLOR'S  SYSTEM  OF  TEACHING  GEOGRAPHY. 

The  opportunity  was  afforded,  a  few  days  ago,  of  witnessing  the  ex- 
amination of  a  class  of  pupils  at  Paulsboro',  in  that  very  important  branch 
of  education,  Geography;  the  members  of  which  had  been  instructed 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Mr.  Naylor  himself.  He  uses  «  Pel- 
ton's  Outline  Maps,"  upon  which  the  anomalous  feature  is  presented  of 
not  only  a  single  name  being  attached  to.  any  country,  town,  or  river; 
and  yet,  by  means  of  these,  geographical  knowledge  is  imparted,  in  a 
course  of  lessons  occupying  twenty  days,  to  an  extent  that  would  sur- 
prise any  one  who  has  devoted  his  attention  to  such  pursuits  for  years. 
During  the  examination,  the  class  described  countries  and  stated  accu- 
rately the  number  of  square  miles  in  each ;  followed  the  course  of  rivers 
minutely,  gave  the  length,  by  what  counties  or  states  they  were  bounded  ; 
and  repeated  in  order  all  the  permanent  towns  on  their  banks ;  located, 
almost  instantly,  towns,  capes,  lakes,  seas,  and  oceans  /  and  all  this  over  a 
series  of  maps  embracing  every  part  of  the  globe.  Upon  a  map  com- 
prising the  States  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland, 
having  the  counties  delineated,  about  one  hundred  in  number,  every 
county  with  its  corresponding  capital,  was  immediately  named  by  the 
whole  class  in  concert,  although  no  regular  order  was  observed  in  drawing 
attention  to  the  points  indicated  by  the  teacher.  Judge  Reeves,  Sheriff 
Gill,  Dr.  John  Y.  Clark,  and  other  prominent  gentlemen  were  present:  also, 
the  School  Examiners  of  Gloucester  county,  who  received  a  special  invi- 
tation. 

This  system  deserves  the  encouragement  of  every  true  friend  of  educa- 
tion. 


OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


YC134087 


io,  March  23,  1350. 

.:-'ix  NAY?  • 

r \  .          i : — yai  feach- 

,re  to  say,  that  I  considered  you;-  e 

•  'Othou.     The  scholars 

J    remark- 

'if]    proa^ijcjously  given  them   many  of  which  were  qu; 
eiy    rate.  respectfully,  &c. 

GEL  .  P.  NICE. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 

In  order  to  teach  Geography  correctly,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the 
teacher  should  be  acquainted  with  the  correct  pronunciation  of  geographi- 
cal names.  The  author  of  t&is  work,  therefore,  takes  the  present  opportu- 
nity of  recommending  to  his  pupils,  and  to  ftli  who  may  wish  to  teach  on  his 
svstem,  <•  BALDWIN'S  •  UNIVERSAL  Pnoxouisrcixo  vrAi  F/;'TT.;.U,  as  a 
standard,  or,  the  accuracy  of  which,  he  feels  ass  are  i1  *u'ey  muy  cor.fidnutiy 
rely. 

The  -oUo'Ying  e\ti  .cts  will  ;hov/  in  what  estimation  the  »;  GarnHeer  '  is 
held  :  •:  judges: 


the  •.  .kr'.«:,ian.  Examiner,  BOX'GU,  fcr  Ja  \.iary,  134 


From  the  Princeton  Review  for  October,  1845. 

We  -ave  no  hesitation  m  pronouncing  this  one  of  the  most  scholarlike 
productions  ot'  our  native  press. 

From  me  L\J-  '•',   i;,^rica  .  Review  fw  J'nuary.  1846. 

The  practical  value  of  a  work  of  this  sort  depends  entirely  on  the  fulness 
and  ftcatracy  with  which  it  is  executed,  and  in  these  respects  we  can  com- 
mend this  volume  in  the  strongest  terms. 


•  t1  I?  is  a  good  bock  !u  two  nays;  it  was  much'  Ranted,  aijd  it  is  exceed-    || 
ingly  Avail  d-ne. 

From  Professor  Anlhon* 

The  subscriber  having    examined   "Baldwin's  Universal    ^renouncing 
izetteer,"  takes  great  pleasure  in  recommending  it  as  a  very  superior 


Gazetteer 
work. 


CHARLES  ANT^ON. 


From  Professor  Hart,  Principal  of  High  School,  Philadelphia. 

This  is  n  bock  that  has  been  very  much  needed,  both  in  families  and  in 

schools.     -<s  general  introduction  would  greatly  facilitate  the  study  of  Geo- 

-  ,  by  preventing  the  prest-dt  confusion  in  regard  to  the  pronunciation 

of  foreign- names.     It  ovghi  to  he  in  the  hands  of  every  teacher,  and  of  all 

pupl's  who  ca.i  ajord  it. 


